The Two Burials In Beowulf Essay Example for Free

The Two Burials In Beowulf EssayThe focal point of this essay is to present a clear and original argument in relation to the twain burials that begin and end Beowulf. Scyld Scfings burial at sea in lines 24-46, and Beowulfs burial in lines 2755-2796. It would be evaluated and analyzed the difference of these two funerals and probable reasons behind the difference and the details of two methods of burial that d epic poemt about the two men and about their cultures. However, it would also be ascertained whether these differences are just aspects of two different cultures of the basic exclusivelyy same landscape but modified all over a huge period of time frame. The journey undertaken by Beowulf is non only ad hominem journey of self-discovery, but journey that establishes the values of the culture. While the personal adventure and situations are unique, the travels of Beowulf are representative of each humans quest to find meaning and purpose in life. As epics of the oral tradi tion, Beowulf did not appear in writing until many years after the stories originated.Through the many retellings of the tale, probably changed significantly over time however, the essences of the society and the culture ache survived. In many ways, Beowulf is not only epic and myth from their time period, but also serves as historiographies of the society and culture of the time and the funeral ceremonies depicted in the epic, first the incident of Scyld Scfings burial at sea and then the narrative of Beowulfs burial, are enlightening enough for understanding the personality of customs and funeral rituals. (Lamb, 378, 2-4)At the time of the earliest telling of Beowulf, the people were pagans. With the acceptance of Christianity, God provided the people of Beowulfs time with an explanation for good and evil and an future for the souls of those who followed God. As Breizmann points out that later generations attempted to incorporate their Christian beliefs, the text abounds with in serted narratives (Breizmann 1030). When Grendel terrorizes the mead hall, the explanation is that, He was spawned in that slime, /Conceived by a pair of those monsters born/ Of Cain (104-106).This Christian theme reappears several times in the epic, and when Beowulf is dying, he says, I can die, here,/ Knowing the Lord of all life has never/Watched me wash my sword in blood/Born of my own family (274-43). . Because he has been good and has served his god and his people, when Beowulf dies, Almighty God Himself, was moved, / To let him enter (3056-7). This influence alone drifted initial purity of the epic from its initial cultural originality.The funeral of Scyld Scfing appears to be more concerning the original ritualistic rites of the actual time when the epic was composed. In Scyld Scfings case it was institute that the rituals includes placing various arms and armors with other valuables with the dead and drifting the body in the sea on a gravy holder or burn it. In this case , the boat was drifted away. This is specifically a Scandinavian ritual and was well in practice when the epic was conceptualized. We can find this funeral rite in lines 24-46 of the epic.The text reads. His people carried him to the sea, / which was his conclusion request. / In the harbor stood / a well-built ship, / icy but ready for the sea./ They laid Shield there, / propped him against the mast / surrounded by gold / and treasure from distant lands./ Ive never comprehend / of a more beautiful ship, /filled with shields, swords, /and coats of mail, gifts / to him for his long trip. (Naik, ed. 182-183) this is in stark contrast with the funeral rites of Beowulf.Here we find that Wiglaf ordered / the brave warriors / to carry wood / from further and wide / to the funeral pyre / for the great leader. There they laid / the famous prince / and lamented / that beloved lord. / Warriors then built / the greatest of fires. / Wood-smoke ascended, / dark black over the flames. (Naik, ed . 294) This be of funeral is basically aligned with the Roman concept of ritual ceremony that the Christian community initially took and implemented in this epic. Thus it is obvious that this part was changed and incorporate in a much latter stage. (Lamb, 379, 5)While the rituals and adventures of Beowulf are pleasant tales of quests, the real value of the epic is the glimpse they provide of quaint cultures and peoples. In addition, Beowulf is links between the past and the present and between the values all cultures seem to share.Although the cultural and historical contexts change, certain human truths do not, and in the end, like Beowulf, all men leave their earthly existences, perhaps with the hopes that the myths they leave behind will provide lessons for those who come after them. This is more aligned to the Christian learning than ancient pagan thought process. These incorporations result in the intermingled format of affairs in terms of cultural identifications. (Lamb, 3 80, 1-3)Thus in the ultimate conclusion it can be well ascertained that the influence of different culture and religion affected the original epic with various additions making it juxtaposed within the different cultural aspects spread over a huge time period. The funerals depicted in the epic are just result of these changes and thus it is unable to tell us anything specific on the topic of funeral rituals during the era when this epic was composed initially.ReferencesBreizmann, Natalia. Beowulf as Romance Literary Interpretations as Quest. MLN 113.5 (1998) 1022-1035 JSTOR Retrieved on 23 February 2007http//www.jstor.orgNaik, S The legends of the North A compilation of ancient epics National Book Trust 2006Lamb, Davis Cult to Culture The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata National Book Trust. 2004

A Comparison Between Two Complementary Poems Essay Example for Free

A Comparison Between Two Complementary Poems EssayThe two complementary poems disused Father and Island Man are based on the subject of two diverse men who are coping with an experience of migrating to anformer(a) country. In this coursework we will discuss these poems, then compare, and contrast their theme and language.Hugh Boatswains Old Father appeared in an anthology called Writing in 1978. Boatswains work speaks to the condition of the racial tensions in the 70s and engages, in sparse poetic form, in much of the cultural analysis. Boatswains poems examine the importance of creativity, cultural transaction, and transition in the historicizing of West Indian migration and settlement in Britain.The poet has used a narrative description in the poem to award his views and thoughts to the members of the audience. The poem relates to a series of events of gray-haired father in a chronological order of his life. The poem depicts the livelihood and finish of a person from a di stant automatic teller machine and surrounding who goes through a lot of hardships in the beginning due to the unkn consume environment. The poet has then given a brief cogitation of his adaptation to the society and how he changes to accept those adaptations. The poem creates a depressing feeling in our hearts as the poet describes how of age(predicate) father forgets his culture and root by his behaviour.The poet has described his views in rather an ambiguous way no information obtained by us can be strongly evident. It tells the story of an old or older figure in the black community, how old is not known but can be presumed to the mid thirties or more. The championship Old Father depicts a personage of high value, a person who would hold up and support the beliefs and values of the society. The title describes a man of experience, ingenuity, and responsibility.In the beginning of his shift to England the Caribbean man craved to return to his homeland. The poet then discusses how old father bought a turning point in his life and started changing his life style to get more accepted in the society. This is indicated by the words Old Father feet begin to shift. His roots have no meaning now (Line none 10 and 11).This is also an example of one of many metaphors in the poems, i.e. his feet are not actually shifting but his attitude is changing and he is evaluate his situation in the society and is trying to improve it. In this process he is leaving nothing out, to the extent that he is ready to change his values, beliefs and honourable values to receive acceptance. He then discusses about old fathers personal and love life, he also brings up the point of how he changes his attitude towards his own friends of his race.Boatswain has added a variety of characters to the poem. Even though the vagueness of details of the character we can say that Old Father was undignified to an extent. From the following line bound down the road with a blonde (Line No. 17) w e can presume his indecency, as walking with a blonde is considered inappropriate due to the negative fig they have created in the society. The all told image is cojourned by the term blonde relieving his change in attitude and lifestyle to be considered indecorous.The poet has chosen his words genuinely particularly and has also considered the ar freewheelment of these words. He has used a varied range of figures of speech like metonymy and personifications but has highly considered the use of metaphors. These figures of speech and plectron of worlds create a rhythmatic design this maintains the reader with an interested attitude.A lot of attention is given to the use of punctuations. Boatswains way of describing and explaining imagery is noteworthy. For example Cold fire him hard (Line No.2), this shows how painful the weather is to this Caribbean man in the beginning of his arrival. We can see how Boatswains use of language is very descriptive but concise and effective.The o ther poem Island Man is a piece of poetry written by Grace Nichols. She was born in Guyana and came to Britain in 1977. She writes this poem in context to a Caribbean man who has settled in capital of the United Kingdom but still wakes up to the sound of the sea and the tranquillity of his native island.Island Man consists of a wide range of sounds and images to express the Caribbean mans feelings and thinking. For example the sound of the blue surf and the steady breaking and wombing (Line No.3 and 5) are good examples of his use of language and images for the description of his feelings. This poem is also told in a narrative manner but unlike Old Father the poem is more spontaneous.The poem is bought out in the form of a dream. A number of images are described to show how he imagined himself in his native island where there was no hindrance or disturbance but peace and tranquillity, whereas the atmosphere in London was completely contradictory to his dream. Therefore when he wakes up and enters the world of reality where he is back in London and hears the roar of the cars and screeches of the wheels kind of of the sound of the sea he just says Another London day (Line No. 19). He probably says this as he has been living in London since a long time and is now frustrated with his usual rut and wants to get out of it and return to his paradise like island.His attitude towards this new environment is not so enthusiastic. This is indicated by the words groggily groggily (Line No. 11). He has already seen the usual busy days of London and has accepted them in his life and has declare this new surrounding. But a sense of frustration has aroused and his crave for his native island just became greater than before.Both the poems hold a lot of analogy of cultures and attitudes towards the new migration. Both of them share unhappiness in this new environment of theirs. Both of them also discuss the bitter weather. But old father moves on in his life whereas in Island Man we will notice that there is not much of progression in the story. It is just a dream whereas the whole life of old father is discussed in the other poem. Hence a lot of contradictions are in the poem. Also the language and use of punctuations is very different. In Old Father punctuations are given a lot of importance and are very proper whereas in Island Man the poem consists of no punctuations at all. It forms more of a spontaneous attitude and also considers the lazy morning attitude of a person. Therefore as this is a dream the poet has very salutary described this quality and has also set a sense of spontaneous feelings and emotions.He is an example to his flock (Line 41, Old Father), these were the words used to describe old father and his behaviour. It is the opinion of a white English racist person. This opinion can be adapted in two contradictory perceptions. The white nation may say it in the context that every person from another country, another culture should ac t like him. They should also adopt the behaviour and culture of the country they live in.The contradictory statement to this would be that the white people are saying that he was a person who was ready to change for his emolument of himself and in the end of the day for h is own betterment he would forget his friends. Hence they jump to the conclusion that he is just an example of those people who are of his culture and each would do anything for their own personal benefits forgetting their personal beliefs and culture.In the end I would conclude saying that both the poems state a moral towards us. In Old Father we can say that a man should adapt towards his surrounding but that does not mean we should forget who we are, what is our identity. Whereas in Island Man we can see that a man has come to another country but still has not let go of the memories of his own countries and so is not able to move on and adapt the good qualities of the country he is living with. Hence we should learn from this poem that thinking about our agone and not moving on would just lead to frustration and everything would go wrong. Hence we should keep up the pace in life and never picture back and ponder.

Reviewing Social Control Theories On Individuals Criminology Essay

Reviewing mixer Control Theories On Individuals Criminology Essay1. found on exclusively of the theories you confuse been exposed to so far in the course, choose the peerless supposition that you think is the best at explaining crime. Comp atomic number 18 it to at least cardinal other theories and discuss how the scheme you chose represents an improvement everywhere the other two. Be specific and be sure to cite the empirical research to support your argument.Based on all the theories I have been exposed to in this course so far, hearty tick surmise is the best at explaining crime. Social control theory explains crime in terms of the individuals social relationships and focuses on the absence of signifi backsidet relationships with conventional others and institutions (Agnew, 199248). The theory utilizes issues of consistency, so instead of theorizing about the motives of criminal mien, the social control theory ask, Why do people conform? In this theory people believ e that friendships ability to control social groups affects whether an jejune turns to a life of crime or not. Social control theory comes from the teaching theories which are developed from family ties or other social circles that individuals interact with so as to learn what is right and what is wrong. When these controlling influences are weak or rendered ineffective and absent, society frees the individual to deviate from legal and moral norms therefore, crime often does occur. In particular, crime is most liable(predicate) to when (1) when the adolescent is not attached to the parents, school, or other institutions (2) parents and others fail to monitor and effectively sanction deviance (3) the adolescents actual or anticipated investment in conventional society is minimal and (4) the adolescent has not internalized conventional beliefs (Agnew, 199249).Although tonal pattern, social control, and differential association theory/social discipline theory are all sociological theories, seek theory is distinguished from social control and social erudition theory in its specification of (1) the role of social relationship that leads to delinquency and (2) the motivation for delinquency. Strain theory focuses explicitly on negative relationships with others relationships in which the individual is not treated as he or she wants to be treated. Agnews developed a new theory, general widen theory that defines measurements of strain, the major types of strain, the links between strain and crime, coping strategies to strain, the determinants of delinquent or non-delinquent sort, and policy recommendations that are based on this theory which introduced a new perspective on the original theory that was written off a few decades ago. While social control theory rests on the premise that the breakdown of society frees the individual to commit crime, strain theory is focused on the public press that is placed on the individual to commit crime (Agnew, 199249). According to the strain theory, individual deviance is caused as a result of negative relationships or intervention from others and this result in anger and frustration (Agnew, 1997a31). Agnews strain theory was developed from the work of Durkheim and Merton and addressed mevery of the criticisms of the original strain theory, however it lacked the supporting info and still had several flaws like the original strain theory. Strain theory can cause more negative sprightlinesss in an individual including defeat, despair, and fear, but the feeling that is most applicable to crime is anger. For example, an increase in strain would lead to an increase in anger, which may then lead to an increase in crime. Social control theory represents an improvement over the strain theory as it explains that if an individual has certain morals and social values that they live by and grew up believing that they are more likely to seek a socially acceptable mode of achieving their goals and not let feelings of defeat, despair, fear, and anger lead them to respond to strain with crime. The strain theory affect creates pressure for corrective action which may lead adolescents to (1) make use of illegitimate channels of goal achievement, (2) attack or escape from the microbe of their adversity, and/or (3) manage their negative affect through with(predicate) the use of illegal drugs (Agnew, 199249). Social control theory, by contrast, denies that outside forces pressure the adolescent into crime but rather, the absence of significant relationships with other individuals and groups frees the adolescent to engage in delinquency in response to inner forces or situational inducements.Social nurture theory (SLT) is distinguished from strain and control theory by its focus on constructive relations with deviant others (Agnew, 199249). Social information theory focuses on the general principles that (1) people can learn by observing the behavior of others and the outcomes of those behaviors (If people observe positive, desired outcomes in the observed behavior, they are more likely to model, imitate, and adopt the behavior themselves), (2) learning can occur without a change in behavior, and (3) cognition plays a role in learning. This theory incorporates aspects of behavioral learning (assumes that peoples environment cause people to behave in certain ways) and cognitive learning (presumes that psychological factors are important for influencing how one behaves) factors that are important for influencing how one behaves. Social learning theory outlines three stages for people to learn and model behavior include (a) attention retention (remembering what one observed), (b) reproduction (ability to reproduce the behavior), and (c) motivation (good reason) to want to adopt the behavior (Agnew, 199249). The social learning theory claims that the relationship with illegal peers will lead to a criminal lifestyle that changes the values of achieving achiever in a l egit way. Reisss theory of personal and social control states that delinquency results when there is a relative absence of internalized norms and rules governing behavior in conformity with the norms of the social system to which legal penalties are attached (Lilly, 200785). One disadvantage of the social learning theory is that it does not account for what may be considered positive it focuses more on the factors perceived as negative by the learner. Social control theory represents an improvement as it seeks to reign over and guide social learning toward obedience specific to an agenda outside the learners. Social learning is a change in behavior that is controlled by environmental influences rather than by unlettered or internal forces that occurs through observing the consequences of others and by determining if such behavior is worth replicating. The theory of social control emphasizes on the role of society in the control of criminal behavior and proposes social learning wit h the help of social control which is why I chose the theory of social control over the social learning theory. The Theory of Social Control is widely cited in criminology in addition it has also been explored by the realist philosophers and represented by Travis Hirschi, a pro-pounder of business Realism. While no single theory can explain why everyone commits crime social control theory does look at the causations of crime from learning theories. They teach us that morals are taught in families and other social circles and that these morals keep individuals from committing crimes they are taught are wrong. The main premise of control theories is that When controls are present, crime does not occur when controls are absent, crime often does occur (Beaver, 2010). Social control theory does give explanation by teaching us that when people hold tightly to certain morals and social values they are more likely to seek a socially acceptable way of achieving their goals.3. During our cou rse discussion, many of you pointed out that the criminological theories that we discussed have both strengths and limitations. This is a view that is held by many criminologists. One way to overcome this problem is to fuse theories into a single perspective. You are responsible for creating an coordinated theory that incorporates elements from at least three theories. Be sure to provide a detailed outline of this theory, including how you were able to integrate components from other theories.During certain parts of history, criminological thoughts had various ways such as criminological theories on crime causation that had been allot together into a single perspective. One way to overcome this problem is to create an integrated theory that incorporates elements such as combining these great ideas evince by the concepts of differential association theory that was developed by Edwin Sutherland, Mertons theory on deviance from his 1938 analysis of the relationship between culture , structure and anomy, and Robert Agnews general strain theory to provide a more holy and comprehensive reasoning that some individuals commit crime but some individuals do not.Although many criminologists have viewed the criminological theories to have both strengths and limitations, it is by no means one single theory but the ideas from the three slighted altered theories that will help in providing a better explanation and understanding of criminal behavior. The first theory, differential association by Sutherland (194975) explains that deviant behavior is absorbed just like any other behavior through interactions with others human beings. Sutherlands differential association predicts that an individual will choose the criminal path when the balance of definitions for law-breaking (unfavorable) exceeds those for law-abiding (favorable). Ultimately, the theory focuses on how individuals learn how to become criminals, which is because of an excess of definitions favorable to brea king the laws. Along the lines of differential association this theory of criminal desire holds that every individual behavior is learned from their interaction with the environment (Sutherland, 194976). From a researchers perspective, an individual will view society differently if they are gainfully employed as opposed to unemployed, if in a supportive and loving family or abused by parents. However, individuals might respond differently to the same situation depending on how their experience predisposes them to define their flowing surroundings (Sutherland, 194977). However, the integrated theory learning process is not limited to just differential associations, as is the case with Sutherlands theory, besides acknowledging the influence of both military personnel and non-human (i.e. money and social gain) objects.The second theory drawn upon the present formulation is Mertons theory on deviance from his 1938 analysis of the relationship between culture, structure and anomie. Mer tons theory involves the interactions and importance between different culturally defined goals what social arrangement makes them possible to achieve. According to Merton, anomie, derived from Emile Durkheim, if such cultural success is not achievable through legitimate practices than individuals will likely to illegitimate means available for reaching them. In short, over speech pattern on material success (i.e. the American dream as an emphasis on the goal of monetary achievement) and lack of opportunity for such success leads to deviant acts that will be against the law. Institutional anomie theory, as published by Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld, proposed that the American societal pursuit of monetary success leads to anomie, or a departure from normal, sanctioned behaviors and a break from institutional social controls (Lilly, Cullen, and Ball, 200790). As anomie increases, so does the level of criminal behavior used by individuals to obtain monetary success (Lilly, Cull en, and Ball, 200790). As such, the integrated theory provides a more blameless and comprehensive explanation on the concepts that were established by Merton by providing an adequate explanations of them, Which would include classifying each, and every one as learned phenomena. Additionally, Mertons theory is the main source of agitation, thereby leading an individual to deviant acts of crime, when these culturally defined goals of individuals are likely not to be achieved through legitimate processes.Last, the general strain theory revised by Robert Agnew was developed from the work of Durkheim and Merton and taken from the original theory of anomie. According to the original strain theory, an increase in aspirations and a decrease in expectations should lead to an increase in delinquency however, this was not found to be the case (Agnew, 1985152). Also, the original strain theory predicted a concentration of delinquent behavior in the lower class, but research proved that delinq uency was also common in the middle and upper classes (Agnew, 1985152). Other variables are also omit by this theory of strain, such as the abandonment of crime in late adolescence and the quality of family relationships (Agnew, 1985152-153). Agnews general strain theory broadened the scope to include many more variable that were not addressed in the original strain theory as he attempted to explore strain theory for a perspective that accounted for goals other than monetary success and that considered an individuals position in social class, expectations for the future, and associations with criminal others (Agnew et al., 1996683). General strain theory is a broad theory that can be applied to many different aspects of delinquency (ways of measuring strain, the different types of strain, and the link between strain and crime), however in the integrated theory an individuals must(prenominal) also be taught how to cope without the help of others through involvement in social skills improvement, problem-solving training, and anger control programs which should lead to a decrease in delinquency.The integrated theory that incorporates elements would combine these ideas expressed by the concepts of differential association theory, Mertons theory on deviance from his 1938 analysis of the relationship between culture, structure and anomie, and Robert Agnews general strain theory, will explain all any types of criminal behavior, both violent non-violent. The crimes could involve economically driven crimes (theft, robbery, etc.) or white-collar crimes which each would be the direct result of a need to satisfy desires due to an inability to do so through the social means. I believe the integrated theory provides an accurate and comprehensive analysis defining delinquency with an explanation as to why some individuals commit crime where others do not. The integrate theory can be utilized to implement policies geared towards helping to lessen crime and help in providi ng a better explanation and understanding of criminal behavior.

Business Plan For Nike Products Business Essay

Business throw For Nike Products Business EssayNike Inc. is one of the renowned and largest manufacturers and importers of footgear and app arl. The present study aims at introducing the Nike products in a country where at that place atomic number 18 some restrictions upon women to select items that be not matched according to their religious ideology.For this a detailed market plan ahs been prepared and write up has been do for initial feasibility of necessary funds for cost allocation and advertisement. The study as well do a SWOT analysis in much(prenominal) countries and stack whether there are certain implications for the introduction of NIKE products or not.Introduction to NIKE BusinessNIKE Inc. is renowned as worldwide importer of Japanese shoes and has proved it t to be the largest dealer in footwear and apparel. The estimation for the equivalentness of the NIKE products rear be sketched from the overview that Nike products are sold on almost 20,000 retail account s in USA except and about in 110 different countries. Apart from the acrobatic footwear, the company also sells Nike and Bauer brand sporty tools brand by Cole Haan and informal footwear and the Sports etc. The company is directly involved in the designing, development and marketing of its products while manufacturers are located in overseas. The company has a scheme to made consistent innovation in design of its products and heavy promotion in order to excel growth all over the world.Nike products were introduced by Philip H. Knight in 1962, who with an idea to eliminate the monopoly of German products on American market, started to import its products to USA on small scale. Along with the introduction of large range of products (Blue Ribbon sports shoes, capital of Massachusetts Shoes, soccer shoes) to satisfy customers lead, the firm ultimately shaped into Nike, Inc.By the end of the decade, the company has opened many retail stores within the region but the main(prenominal) problem faced by Knight was the lack of capital that has been financed by Japanese trading company Nissho Iwai Corporation. The availability of external financing enables Knight to enjoin the manufacturing of its products overseas with the help of independent contractors. In order to import its products overseas, the company has introduced its brand name Nike in the whole world.The Company has tried to introduce virgin line of products in athletic shoes range but the growth of the company truly begun to take-off with the introduction of jogging shoes that were sold in get together States in late 1970s. Nikes revenues turned to be tripled within two long time in 1976 and then became doubled in just one year in 1977. To satisfy get hold of, the company opened new manufacture outlet, in Taiwan and Korea. An acceleration of sales was expanded with the introduction of NIKE products in Asian and South American markets in 1977.By 1982, in the companys line of products, more than 200 di fferent word forms of footwear has been introduced by the company including the phone line Force, basketball footwear, and shoe for racquet sports, the Air Ace, the newest models of innovative shoe designs that had pressed Nikes earnings to annually increment of almost 100 percent. In addition, 200 different types of clothing feel been introduced by the company.Nike electric charge StatementThe Mission statement of Nike introduced the concept*To bring inspiration and innovation to every jockstrap in the world *If you have a body, *you are an athletic supporter*.The main aim of the Nike Inc. is to facilitate the jock all over the world regarding the comfort of shoe and make every one to feel like an athlete if he has potential to use Nike products. Secondly, they want to bridge the gap between the provisions of verticals overseas for this they started importing their products in order to boost growth and prisonbreak down the monopoly of German products that have captured the United States market at that time. . Today, Nike always tries to find new and innovative style to make a competitive athletic goods and innovative methods to get a feedback directly from their consumers.Business Idea in Conservative CountryA bourgeois country may be specify as a place where the resources are scarce but sight smooth believe to achieve most through hard work and dedication. In the pursue of introducing the products of NIKE in any conservative country, we have decided to use Pakistani women as sample filed because now a days Pakistan is economically conservative and women are specially restricted to wear dresses that represent their Islamic ideology. Per capital Income of average person is declining and conditions are getting even more worse still people in Pakistan believe that the conditions can be overcome. Low per capital Income is the basic for the savings and if people have savings they can enjoy the facilities of luxuries like NIKE products. Similarly, wome n prefer their family needs than their own needs and they do not want to spend money on such kind of unnecessary items. To excel the demand of the products, Strategies are hard to define in a country like Pakistan where resources are scarce but we have made an attempt to focus the assist of people.Executive SummaryFor this, we have made first the executive summary of the person who will initiate aCompany like environment as Sale center of NIKE products.The executive slogan is that behind great Company, there are strong leadersAt Nike, environment is mutual, matrix organisation where police squad members are allowed to report in two areas i.e. geography and global function. Nike brand include footwear, apparel and equipment product engines. The core customers categories include sports things, basketball, football (soccer), mens training, running, sportswear, and womens training the crease is being conducted in three main cities.Chairman (CEO)Chief executivePresidentPresident chi ef Executive officerCFOVP Financial OfficerTreasurerAssist TreasurerAccountantBook keepersVP, Global Human ResourceVP, Creative Design ResourcesVP, Commerce AffiliatesPresident,Busines developmentP MarketingP ResearchIdea GenerationThe recent survey conducted by us revealed that there was a tremendous growth and demand for the Nike products in Pakistan but females are specially deprived of using the same products as they are not too much involved in sports. Thus the promoter of the Idea takes an foremost along with other members to set up the business plan for execution of NIKE products for women in Pakistan. Later theyExplored various aspects as whether to conduct plan and develop a web site or use other effective tools with some other unique ideas.Market SurveyAs per the survey, Lahore and Islamabad has one of the highest demands for Nike products, since the willingness of the people for getting quality/branded products at cheap rates and within the geographical distribution is high. Also women in these areas are now stepping forward berm to shoulders with men to achieve the same success in every field as the man can. Thus, we analyzed the business scenario prepared a SWOT analysis.StrengthsNike is the summit most and highly competitive organization in the sports world. Phil Knight often quoted that Business is war without bullets. The major(ip) strength of the business is that Nike has no factories still it is the largest importer of athlete products because it ahs managed manufacturer overseas. Due to this ability the demand of the customers can easily be met within the country at low cost.Nike is not bound to spend its hard currency in premises and manufacturing workers. This makes a very tilt organization. Nike makes it strong with the help of research and development apart from assets. The Nike outlet in Pakistan will increase its revenues also the people will be introduced with different range of products.NIKE is a global brand, that make its the top most sports brand in the World. Its famous Swoosh is perceptible all over the world and even it is tattooed on the ankle. Therefore, the customers who never compromise on quality can be good target market for the NIKE products.NIKE products are especially comfortable for women as these can fulfilled the needs according to their ideology therefore, they can excel the use of the products in country.WeaknessesOne of the major weaknesses is that the organization must have a multiple line of products of sports goods while the business income still takes most of the office of the footwear promote. It means that all other products revenues could not offset if footwear market erodes. If the business will erode in parent Country that will affect the business in other countries as well.OpportunitiesNike can create many opportunities regarding its Product development. As the brand is protected by owners who do not considered Nike as a fashion brand. withal, the demand of the consumers depends upon their willingness to acquire Nike products apart from their likeness for NIKE products. If some argue that youth consider Nike a fashion brand, this could be an opportunity for NIKE products,There is also opportunity to innovate products such as sports clothing, sports cycling and jewellery.There is an opportunity of international business development. As Nike share strong brand recognition, many international markets that have such kind of income which can be spend on high price sports commodities can manage to enter the range of Nike brand.ThreatsAs Nike is exposed to international trade, it can subvert and sell in different currencies which are the major threats of revenues fluctuations due to different currencies involved. Such an exposure means that Nike could be manufacturing its product at loss as well as at selling. This is an important point that every big brand has to face just because to maintain its reputation in the market in the global world.As the Model used by Phil Knight in his Stamford Business School days is now commonly used there is major threat that the edge of competitive advantage will be lost. Competitors of the Nike can take away Nikes share from the market by introducing substitute products.Regional check intoPakistan is a highly riches resources country in agriculture and industrial point of view as well. It exports almost 60% of of its products on international monetary nucleotideard the total population of the country is almost 18 crore and women are almost 45% of the total population. People their love to play support because Pakistani run is very famous in the world. forthwith a days women are much aware readings the importance of sports and games and they are more conscious about their fatnesses and health. However there are some cultural and religious restrictions in the country but women are trying to participate in gyms activities in the ladies gyms as well.Now we will analysis the ratio of the women fitn ess trend in the majors cities of Pakistan like Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi, Multan etc.There is more participation in women fitnesss centers. It has been increase from 2004 to 2009 up to 22% in Pakistan.Now a days Pakistani women are working in the offices whether part timer or as a wide-cut timer so they are more concerned about their fitness and almost 45% of the members of the gyms are women aged 18 to 45 years.The women fitness activities have been increased in the last 3 years and there is more chances to increment so if the Nike product is launch inPakistan than the total estimated market share might be 6% to 7%.Product SelectionThe target market (Pakistani women) selected is available in various ranges (age size), which are as followsFrom 18- 20 yearsFrom 20-25 yearsFrom 25-30 yearsFrom 35-40 yearsAnd the above-mentioned ranges sizes are available mostly in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad because these areas are labor intensive. Most of the labor isCheap technical knowhowThere in no need to hire technical staff as the products at display centers will only require selling strategies and monetary matters. However the sale experience must be required or there should be proper training sessions for the sale person who will stand in the retail stores and the person should know all the products as trained by the company.Availability of fundsAfter collecting the necessary funds, we would commence our business. We can borrow from bank as well. We can borrow from bank as well.RecruitmentThe recruitment required is for 4 sales managers initially the specifications are as followsThey should be literate at post graduate levelThey should have enough knowledge about Nike brandsPleasant personality having skills to attract customersfeasibleness PlanCapital Contribution = Rs. 3,000,000FIXED COST PALNRs.Building (Store room)850,000Conveyance650,000Equipment60,000Furniture125,000Land70,000Total1,755,000Variable Cost Plan1 month2 month3 monthTotalSalaries expense250,00025 0,000250,000750,000Maintenance expense50,00050,00050,000150,000Wages60,00060,00060,000180,000Utilities expense25,00025,00025,00075,000Rent expense125,000125,000125,000375,000Entertainment expense10,00010,00010,00030,000Misc. Exp10,00010,00010,00030,000Total530,000530,000530,0001,590,000 add Requirement PlanRs.Rs.Capital Investment30,00,000Cost of Sales3,345,000Requirement for General Reserve635,0003,980,000Short Fall / bestow requirement (Rs.)980,000On the foothold of the projection report and the above given table, there is a requirement of a sum of Rs. 980,000/- for which we have applied for a loan from Bank.FORECASTED FINANCIAL assertionNIKE Incorporation,Trading Profit Loss AccountFor 3 monthsRs.Revenues1,000,000Cost of Sales250,000Gross Profit750,000Operating Expenses530,000Interest Expense 9.5%23,275Net Income196,725Nike IncorporationFeasibility Balance SheetFor three monthsASSETSRs.Liabilities and EquityRs.Cash1771725A/P980000Land70000Capital 3000,000Building850000Add NP 196,725 3196725Conveyance650000Equipment60000Furniture125000 argumentation650000Total4,176,725Total4,176,725Terms of Repayment of LoanAs per the agreement between Bank NIKE Inc both have agreed on the terms that loan will be repaid over a period of 5 years 9.5 %.MARKETINGThe basic market research instrument was the survey in the TOI that told us about a possible potential in this field. All the partners then carried out research by collecting primary data ourselves. We spoke to quick manufacturers, locals etc.Though the market for our product is very huge, the competition is quite tough. But flags are used by everyone in the nation. Hence, like all of our competitors we are using Mass Marketing.There is range of product line i.e. the flags with a fair amount of variations in the product itself (as mentioned earlier).The pricing method we have chosen is the cost plus method where we plan to gradually increase the sugar margin.Our products will be sold both in almost every urban center of Pakistan.We are using Quality Assurance as a key marketing strategy as the raw materials we use are of a good quality and the products are manufactured and stored in a good environment.Conclusion/RecommendationsThe capital invested is of Rs.3, 00,000 and the total cost of production is Rs. 250,000 and thus resulting in a profit of Rs. 196,725. Since there is less availability of funds and thus as a company need a loan from the bank. Also the sales are pass judgment to grow by 10% every year.It is strongly recommended that in order to excel the demand of the NIKE products in conservative countries like Pakistan, the business has to change its strategy and made a range of the products that is only for females and according to their likeness. As females like to be fashion oriented, the design should be made of unique style that are according to the fashions and taste of women style. This needs strong advertisement as well. Following all such the business can generate a stro ng demand for women footwear and apparel in NIKE products.

The Construction Of The Great Wall

The Construction Of The Great WallThe construction of the great beleaguer arose throughout the Warring States Period (403 to 221 BC). The Great Wall is a fortification on board the Union and northwestern boundary of China, running from Shanhaiguan on the Gulf of Bohai on the east to the neck of the woods of Gaodai, Gansu Province, on the west, with an inner protect consecutively southward from the vicinity of Beijing almost to Handan. Shi Huangdi, first emperor of the Chin dynasty founded the biggest portion of the wall as a defense mechanism against raids by nomadic sights. Organized work on the wall was begun about 221 BC, after Shi Huangdi had united China under his rule, and it was completed about 204 BC. Small segments of the wall were probably already in existence, but Shi Huangdi is plan to have had slightly nearly 1,200 miles of the wall erected during his reign. 300,000 men several of them political prisoners whose bodies are thought to be buried in the wall (not e ssentially true) were get to work joining the segments into one huge rampart of stone and earth. In later times, chiefly during the period of the Ming dynasty (AD 1368-1644), the Great Wall was fixed and extended by reinforcing it with cement and stone. The fortification finally reached a length of about 1,500 miles, ensuing the course of rivers instead of bridging them and conforming to the contours of the mountains and valleys in its path. The wall is built of earth and stone, face up with brick in the eastern parts. It is from 15 to 30 feet thick at the base (about 20 feet on the average) and tapers to some 12 feet at the top. The height averages 25 feet single(a) of the crenellated parapets. Watchtowers about 40 feet in height are placed at intervals of approximately 200 yards. Several hundred kilometers of the Great Wall remain inviolable in the eastern reaches. The amount of brickand stone working to construct the Great Wall might limit the earth with a barrier eight feet high. From the sixth to the 14th centuries, the wall proven to be an effective barrier against vigorous-minded invaders, who revealed that bribing the lookouts was their most effective weapon. The Chinese Emperors aided in this ca subprogram by flunk to pay there army troops, usually a bad mistake. If you dont pay your army, someone else will. Scholars guess that the Great Wall with all its divisions once stretched for 6,200 miles, from the Yalu River in the northern east to Xinjiang in the northwest. Today it measures 6,000 miles. The Great Wall has suffered serious damage from wind and water erosion, as well as man-made destruction. In the prehistorical it has been a treasure store of stone for many a poor farmer. Between 1870 and 1974, the 8th Route Army stationed at Gubeikou destroyed 9,840 feet of the wall to use the stone to erect some barracks. Later in 1979, the State ordered the same army group to tear down their barracks and re show the wall. In 226 the armies of the C hu Dynasty and the Qin dynasty met in a great final battle. The victor would get the prize of the richest and most technologically advanced nation of the world. The Qin Emperor needed to defend the country from the predaceous bands of nomadic horsemen of the north. These bands of horsemen who raided the rich farmland came from the barren land of the north and were forced to become marauding nomads. It was a clash of farmers against warriors. The group would be difficult to defeat. The strength, stability and prosperity of the new empire were threatened by these marauding hordes. To preserve Chinas borders the Qin set about building a huge defensive barrier in 221 BC. Wall building became the chief defensive strategy to repel the enemy from the north. This was in the age before gunpowder and cannons. The first Great Wall was a massive undertaking. It was the equivalent of building 30 of the great pyramids of Egypt. To build this great wall of 3,000 miles the Qin Emperor chose his m ost able general Ling Qia. He was disposed an army of over 300,000 men. They had to build roads, and the infrastructure as well as the wall. Much of the wall was built of beaten clay. Rock was not always available, so tamped earth became the firstchoice. Dirt was designated from at least four inches below the surface so seeds and grasses could not germinate and thus undermine the strength of the wall. overwhelming first a form made of wood, earth was piled and was pounded into a layer of four inches thick. Following layers of this would produce a wall twenty feet high that would simmer down be standing some 2,000 long time later. The wall stretched from the borders of North Korea across the northern border to the far reaches in western China. In ten years they built a wall across the entire northern border of China in lands that included marshes, quicksand, deserts, and altitudes of 8,000 feet. They built twenty-five miles a month that is almost a mile a day. One section is acros s 60 miles of a mountain range. This section was built entirely of native stone with the plane face placed on the outside to face the enemy. This dry stonewall was built 20 feet high with 26-foot high beacon towers. The Qin army invented new weapons to exercise their advantage of their new wall. The most deadly of these was the crossbow that could hurl an arrow 250 yards with amazing accuracy. Other weapons included iron casting techniques to produce double edged swords which would not be known in the west for some 1,300 years later. The soft bronze swords of the enemy were no match for the double-edged iron swords of the Qin army. All of this was achieved at great economic and human constitutes. The emperor thought the wall would bring peace to the nation but the nation was weakened by the heavy cost of the construction. Ditches on the wall were filled with the corpses of workers who died building the wall. Deaths of wall workers are estimated to exceed one million. Some have c laimed that the dead workers were entombed in the wall itself. Later investigations proved this untrue. Also decaying bodies would have weakened the structure and would not have been allowed. No society could sustain such a terrible burden. Taxation became heavier and heavier. Some 3,500,000 people were involved in the building of the Great Wall. That was 70% of the total population of China at that time. For each worker working on the wall, six were demand to feed and support them. Construction of the Qin wall became the most loathed imperial plan in Chinese history. In 209 BC,Only a year after the decease of the Qin Emperor, millions of laborers rose up and ended the tyranny and bloodshed of wall building. The Qin Dynasty had fallen, brought down by the building of the great wall. Within ten years much of the wall was a neglected ruin. Once again the northern border was at the mercy of the northern invaders. After three years of civil war in 206 BC the first Han Dynasty was forme d under the Gao Di Emperor, Liu Bang. At first he attempted to appease the northern invaders with gifts and increased condescension but peace was sporadic. A massive force of the Han army attacked the invaders and forced them back across the northern borders. To consolidate their victories they began to mark out their new extended borders. In many areas they obviously restored the old Qin wall. In order to build walls in the desert of the west, new methods of construction had to be devised. Here the soil consists of a gravel of sand and keen stones. They utilise alternating layers of red willows and the gravel and lots of tamping. This produced a wall that has survived for some 2,000 years. Using these techniques and hundreds of thousands of people, the Han were able to build the wall far into the Gobi desert. And where clay was used as a skin or coating it made the wall difficult to scale and protected it against the erosion of the weather. The Han leadership knew to have a str ong frontier they not only needed to build a strong wall but they also needed crack troops to defend it.They create a force of light cavalry that could foray into the enemy territory to check on the enemy movements in his own grounds. They had many victories against the Xiongnu. They then occupied renegade Xiongnu horse masters to set up horse breeding stables and to train their troops in horsemanship. By the time of the sixth Han Emperor Wu Di some 66 years later, they had crush the Xiongnu and the wall was extended some 300 miles into the Gobi Desert. The wall now extended across the principle trading routes and if you wished to trade with the Chinese you needed to enter through the gates in the wall. Around these gates towns were established and became the trade centers of the area. At most gates foreigners were not allowed to go other(prenominal) the gates so these became the portalsof trade into China. One flawless example is the stunningly preserved Jade Gate. Built in 101 BC, it is 28 feet high and 66 feet square. Close by they built a fort for the Han soldiers defending the wall. This piece of the wall is 453 feet long, 115 feet wide and 23 feet high. The wall became more than a trade route and a barrier to keep out the enemy, it turned out to be vital for communicatings. Along its ramparts messages can be sent at unbelievable speeds from one end of the empire to the other. All along the northern border beacon towers were built every 15 to 30 miles. They formed a communication network, which ran from outposts deep into enemy territory to the ancient capital in the east. From these towers the Han troops used smoke by day and torches by night to send messages along the length of the wall. They burnt wood, and straw mixed with wolf dung, which produced rich black columns of smoke. Statutes firmly governed the code of these signals. One column of smoke indicated an impending attack by a force of less than 500. Two columns showed an attack by a force le ss than 3,000 and four columns indicated an attack by a force of up to 10,000.China would wait another 1,300 years before embarking on its greatest period of wall building. The Ming Dynasty built much of what remains today. They were driven by desperation to build the ultimate defense and lock the northern frontier once and for all. The Ming renovated the old Qin and Han walls and extended them. The Ming wall stretched some 4,500 miles from the Korean border at Dandong to the city of Jayuguan in the western desert. Today that fort is one of the most impressive, ornate, and sophisticated military constructions in the history of China. The Ming Dynasty came into power in 1368 inheriting a nation crushed by 100 years of rule by the Mongols. The mighty Genghis Khan had united these tribes in 1206 and had pushed their way through China. Ultimately they fell from at heart. A scrooge revolt spelled the defeat of the Mongol empire. The leader of this revolt was Zhu Yangzhong who was insta lled as the first Ming Emperor. He immediately took up the challenge to begin building the great defense again. The enthusiasm in which the Ming emperors embraced this ambition was staggering. They built morewall than any other dynasty. The Ming wall was typically built with a stone facing over tamped inner clay. This wall was almost indestructible. The Ming bricks were a marvel of engineering holding up to a pressure of over 1000 pounds per square inch. The mortar was of superior strength. The mortar was stronger than the bricks themselves. The puzzle of this super strength has now been solved. The mystery ingredient was rice flour. With innovations like these, the Ming was able to build spectacular monuments. A feature of the wall was water drainage systems that channeled the water to the Chinese side and withheld the water to the enemy side and thus inhibited plant growth and so denied cover to the attackers. type towers were built in enemy territory. These spurs were built out from the main wall and permitted the Chinese to attack the marauders from two sides. The armies were controlled from watchtowers that were built every 200 yards along the Ming walls. Locks and bolts secured the doors and windows from within creating a formidable fortress. From these towers the defenders could unleash arrows and spears from heavily protected slits. Later cannon were used. Having discovered gunpowder, the Ming was also the first to use hand grenades and mines. Stones were also pushed through peculiar(a) openings to create man made avalanches to crush the enemy. If the attackers succeeded in scaling the wall, the defenders could retreat to the guard towers. These guard towers were only accessible by retractable ladders.

Native American Rights, Federal Government Plenary Power and Land Takin

domestic American Rights, Federal Government Plenary creator and Land TakingsAbstractNative Americans are entitled to the same Constitutional protections that guard other citizens from federal government infringement. Plenary power and the go with seizure and use of indigenous land bases have violated the rights of Native Americans and demonstrated the inability of the federal government to manage Indian affairs. The United States should hold up ownership and control of original, non-privately owned land bases back to tribes. This course of action would end treaty violation, compensate tribes for land takings, prevent bureaucrats from implementing policies that obstruct the ability of Native Americans to participate in their religion, and prevent the serious cultural loss that may occur if the government continues to use Native American land for self-interested purposes. Although the Indian Citizenship coif of 1924 formally made Native Americans United States citizens, Native A mericans currently lack the legal protection that guards other citizens from federal domination (Custo and Henry X). The core popular concepts of fairness, justice, and consent of the governed have not yet been fully realized for tribal people, despite their citizenship (Wilkins 20). As stated by Helen Hunt Jackson, a noted power and social reformer, treatment of Native Americans has outraged principles of justice (Custo and Henry 40). Native Americans, wards of the federal government, are locked in a grossly inequitable, politically dependent relationship, in which governmental infringement and injustice are the norm. (Williams 27). The current policy of federal plenary power over Indian tribes and the confiscation and desecration of I... ...iverse. (21 Jan. 2001).Martin v. Waddell. 41 U.S. 367. U.S. despotic Court. 1842. LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe. (21 Jan 2001).Northrup, Jim. Rez Road Follies. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 1997.Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort B erthold Reservation v. United States. 419 U.S. 901. No. 73-2062. U.S. independent Court. 1974. LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe. (20 Jan. 2001).Wilkins, David. American Indian Sovereignty and the U.S. Supreme Court The Masking of Justice. Austin University of Texas Press, 1997.Wood, Mary. Protecting the Attributes of Native Sovereignty A New Trust Paradigm for Federal Actions Affecting Tribal Land and Resources. do Law Review (1995). LEXIS NEXIS Academic Universe. 8 Jan. 2001.Wunder, John. Retained by the People A History of American Indians and the Bill of Rights. New York Oxford University Press, 1994.

Invisible Man: Plot Summary :: Ralph Ellison, The Invisible Man

Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man opens with a prologue describing the main case in clock after the begining of the dead body of the book. In the prologue,Ellison tells of the main characters invisibility. It is not a physicalinvisiblity, but rther he is not recognised, and therefore persieved, by theworld at large. This is mate with the fact that he is constantly trying tobe someone else, other than himself, creates for his a complete loss ofidentity, and he becomes a man without a soul.The tarradiddle begins with the main character being forced to partisipate inan archaic and animalistic free-for-all in order for him to be allowed to givehis speach that will determine wheather he will be accepted to the college.He is accepted and goes through two of his years at the college uneventfully.He is ejected from the school during his junior year when the trustee who ws inhis care musical composition visiting the school fell ill and is taken to a local bar to getsome alchohol. He is given s evener earn of what he suposes to be recomendationto give to people in New York. He moves to Harlem and delivers the letters.He finds out that these letters were not recomenation but rather advismentsagainst hiring him. The 7th reciever of a letter gives him a job in apaint factory. He does not derform well there and evetually causes he owndismissal by ignoring hes work and getting knoked out by an explosion that ishis fault. He joins a black power group called The Brotherhood and is sent outto spread the word of the group. He meets a man named Clfton, his first realfreind, and clifon is shot by a police officer. He speaks at Cliftonsfuneral and the Brotherhood does not like what he says. he befriens a middleaged white woman whao flirs with him a good bit. one night while with her isis asked to come to Harlem and come a lawlessness that is occering.Invisible Man Plot Summary Ralph Ellison, The Invisible ManRalph Ellisons Invisible Man opens with a prologue describing the mai ncharacter in time after the begining of the body of the book. In the prologue,Ellison tells of the main characters invisibility. It is not a physicalinvisiblity, but rther he is not recognised, and therefore persieved, by theworld at large. This is coupled with the fact that he is constantly trying tobe someone else, other than himself, creates for his a complete loss ofidentity, and he becomes a man without a soul.The story begins with the main character being forced to partisipate inan archaic and animalistic free-for-all in order for him to be allowed to givehis speach that will determine wheather he will be accepted to the college.He is accepted and goes through two of his years at the college uneventfully.He is ejected from the school during his junior year when the trustee who ws inhis care while visiting the school fell ill and is taken to a local bar to getsome alchohol. He is given seven letter of what he suposes to be recomendationto give to people in New York. He moves t o Harlem and delivers the letters.He finds out that these letters were not recomenation but rather advismentsagainst hiring him. The seventh reciever of a letter gives him a job in apaint factory. He does not derform well there and evetually causes he owndismissal by ignoring hes work and getting knoked out by an explosion that ishis fault. He joins a black power group called The Brotherhood and is sent outto spread the word of the group. He meets a man named Clfton, his first realfreind, and clifon is shot by a police officer. He speaks at Cliftonsfuneral and the Brotherhood does not like what he says. he befriens a middleaged white woman whao flirs with him a good bit. one night while with her isis asked to come to Harlem and come a riot that is occering.