Cch Comprehensive Topics Chapter 10

Cch ComprehensiChapter 10: Questions #1-20 1. Distinguish between realized gains and losses and recognized gains and losses. Realized gain or loss is the difference between the amount realized from the sale or other disposition of property and the adjusted basis at the time of sale or disposition. The amount realized is the sum of money received plus the fair market value of other property received. If a realized gain or loss is recognized the gain is includible and the loss is deductible in determining taxable income.Thus, â€Å"recognition† means that the result of a particular transaction is considered to be taxable income or a deductible loss. Generally, recognition occurs at the time of sale or exchange. Therefore, realized gain or loss is the amount the owner incurred from ownership of the property, whereas recognized game is the taxable portion of the realized gain or loss. 2. How is the adjusted basis of property determined? Original Basis + Capital Expenditures â€⠀œ Capital Returns= Adjusted Basis 3. List 3 capital additions or expenditures and 3 capital returns or recoveries and discuss the treatment of each category for tax purposes.Capital expenditures include improvements, betterments, acquisition costs, purchase commissions and legal costs for defending title. Capital returns include depreciation, depletion, amortization, tax-free dividends, deductible casualty losses, and insurance reimbursements. For tax purposes, capital expenditures cannot be deducted in the year in which they are paid or incurred and must be capitalized. The general rule is that if the property acquired has a useful life longer than the taxable year, the cost must be capitalized.The capital expenditure costs are then amortized or depreciated over the life of the asset in question. Capital expenditures create or add basis to the asset or property, which once adjusted, will determine tax liability in the event of sale or transfer. Capital Returns, on the other hand, proper adjustment shall be made to the extent of the amount allowed as deductions in computing taxable income under Code Section 1016 and to the extent that the amount results (because of allowed deductions) in a reduction in any taxable year of the taxpayer’s taxes. . Why is allocation of basis necessary? Allocation is necessary because some of the property may be depreciable and other property not depreciable. Different treatment may be necessary for the assets. It may also be that only some of the assets purchased are sold. 5. Are gains or losses from the sale or exchange of personal use assets recognized for tax purposes? The sale of a personal-use asset results in gain recognition but not loss recognition. 6. When is FMV of an asset used as the basis of an asset?If property is acquired in a taxable exchange, the basis of the property is generally its fair market value at the time of exchange. Also, if the price paid is a bargain purchase, then the basis of the property i s its fair market value. 7. What’s the basis and holding period for nontaxable stock dividends? For nontaxable stock dividends, the basis of the original stock is allocated to the old and new shares. The holding period begins on the date of the original acquisition. 8. What’s the basis and holding period for taxable stock dividends?In the case of taxable stock dividends, the amount of income is the stock’s fair market value at the date of distribution. The basis of the new stock is its fair market value at the time of the receipt of the stock dividend and the basis of the old stock remains the same. The holding period of the new stock begins on the date of receipt of the stock dividend. 9. What is the basis and holding period for nontaxable stock rights? If nontaxable stock rights are received, whether or not any part of the basis of the stock is allocated to the rights depends on the FMV of the rights compared with the FMV of the stock.If FMV is less than 15% o f the FMV of old stock at the time, basis of such rights is zero unless taxpayer elects to allocate. If value is 15% or more, basis must be allocated to the rights but only if rights are exercised or sold. The holding period runs from the date the original stock was acquired. 10. What’s the basis and holding period of taxable stock rights and the basis and holding period of the shares of stock if the rights are exercised? Amount of income and the basis of the rights constitute the FMV of the rights at the date of distribution, which is the date the holding period of the rights begin.If rights are exercised, basis of new shares = subscription price + basis of rights and holding period of new shares begins on date of exercise. Basis and holding period of old stock remain the same. 11. What’s the basis of gift property? A taxpayer’s original basis for gift property is the same as the property’s adjusted basis in the hands of the donor or the last preceding o wner by whom it was not acquired by gift. However, if the property’s FMV at time of gift is less than adjusted basis to the donor, then basis for determining loss is the FMV at the time of the gift.CODE SECTION 1015 12. What adjustment, if any, must be made to the basis of property acquired by gift if gift was made prior to 1977? After 1976? For gifts made after 1976, basis is increased by the portion of gift that attributable to the net appreciation value of the gift. For gifts made before 1977, the full amount of gift tax is added to donor’s adjusted basis, but the basis may not be increased above the fair market value at the date of the gift. 13. What’s the basis of an asset acquired from a decedent?General rule is that the basis of property acquired from a decedent is the FMV of the property at the date of the decedent’s death. Commonly known as a â€Å"step-up† in basis. 14. What’s the alternative valuation of assets acquired from a dec edent? If the executor elects for estate tax purposes to value the decedent’s gross estate as of 6 months after death, the property is the FMV at that time. If property is distributed before the alternate valuation date, basis = FMB at the date of distribution or other disposition.The alternate valuation may be used only where the election will reduce both the value of the decedent’s gross estate and the federal estate tax liability. 15. Distinguish the holding period of assets acquired by gift w/ that of assets acquired from a decedent. The holding period of gift property begins with the date the property was acquired by the donor. If, however, the FMV of the property at the date of gift was less than the donor’s adjusted basis and the property is sold at a loss, the holding period begins on the date of the gift. The holding period of property acquired from a decedent is long-term. 6. How is the basis computed when a sale of shares of stock occurs? When a selle r can identify the shares of stock sold or transferred, the basis is the basis of the stock so identified. Shares of stock are adequately identified if it can be shown that shares, which were delivered to the buyer, were from a lot acquired on a certain date or for a certain price. 17. When is the sale or exchange of stock or securities considered a wash sale? How is any loss treated? Wash sales occur when substantially identical stock is bought within 30 days before or after the sale.No deduction for losses is allowed on the sale of stock or securities if, within a period beginning 30 days before the date of sale and ending 30 days after the date of sale, substantially identical stock are acquired. CODE SEC. 109 18. What’s the basis of a personal use asset that’s converted to business or income-producing use? When property purchased for personal use is converted to business or income-producing use, the basis for determining loss is the lessor of the FMV of the propert y at the time of conversion or the adjusted basis for loss at the time of the conversion.The basis for gain is the adjusted basis on the date of conversion. The basis for determining depreciation is the basis for determining loss. 19. What are the special rules for gains or losses on sales to related parties? No loss deduction is allowed on sales or exchanges of property, directly or indirectly, between related parties. Any losses disallowed, however, may be used to offset the gain realized by the related purchaser on a later sale of the property. Code Sec. 267 20. What are the benefits of installment reporting? The installment method allows gain to be spread over more than one year.

Application Letter Essay

I am writing to apply for the position of fireman in the Bureau of Fire and Protection. As requested, I am enclosing a completed job application, my certification, my resume and three references. The chance presented in this listing is very interesting, and I believe that my strong practical experience and education will make me a very competitive candidate for this position. The key strengths that I possess for success in this position include: I am magnificently physically fit and capable in order to sustain the job’s high level of emotionally, mentally and physically demanding activity. I am always ready to jump into action despite the down periods in my job. In addition to attempting to put out fires that might need to help treat victims and perform other vital life-saving or public functions, I provide exceptional contributions to safety of those involved in a fire and offering medical aid to the injured. With a BS degree in Computer Technology and a Civil Service Exam passer last  October 2013, I have a full understanding of the full life cycle of being a fireman. I also have experience in learning and excelling at new technologies as needed. Please see my resume for additional information on my experience.

Aim of My Life Essay Example for Free (#2)

Aim of My Life Essay ? There is a saying, â€Å"Those who aim high, reach high†. It is indeed true. Without a clear-cut aim in life, life just drifts. It just floats-aimless, rudderless and not knowing where one is heading to. If we look into the lives of great men and women of our times, we see that they had clear- cut aims and well demarcated goals in life. Having clear-cut goals in life is the first step to success, because â€Å"Where there is a will, there is a way†. I have always been very passionate about flying air- crafts. As far as I can remember. I have always wanted to be a pilot. Perhaps, this desire to become a pilot originated in me due to the fact that my uncle is an air- force pilot. His life, the adventure stories he used to tell me, the respect and fame he received, etc. , have all inspired me to follow his foot-steps. But it is not easy to become a pilot, especially an air- force pilot. And I am very much aware of this fact. This job requires a great deal of intelligence and proper education and training. A number of years have to be spent studying aeronautics and other related subjects and gaining proper training. Certain physical fitness is also required. Moreover, risks are the part and parcel of the life of an air force pilot. One must be ready to face any adverse situations, as accidents injuries and even sudden death. This job calls for a great deal of personal discipline, courage and determination. It is one of the toughest professions in the world. Yet I am determined to become one. At present I am putting my very best in my studies. I have joined the N. C. C. to make myself fit and to achieve certain amount of discipline and physical fitness. After my matriculation examination, I intend to study my pre-university course in a renowned college in New Delhi. I would be staying with my uncle in New Delhi so that I could get acquainted with the air force way of life. Another purpose of shifting myself to New Delhi, is to enable me to attend some professional coaching classes for National Defence Selection Test. It is one of the toughest examinations currently held in India. I believe that two years of intense preparation would enable me to get through this test. Once the person passes this test, he is called for an interview. Interview is also equally an important step in the selection process. A good deal of preparation has to go in, before the interview. After the interview is over, there is the physical test which would not be a major problem for me, as I have all the necessary physical standards at present, in respect to my present age. Once a person gets through this stage, he is sent for training as a pilot for two or three years. Training is extremely difficult and â€Å"competence† is the key word in this process. Even at this stage there is certain amount of selection. Only the really fit and competent individuals are sent for higher and more intense training as fighter pilots. Only after several years of intense training, that they are declared to be fighter pilots. Perhaps no other job requires so much of training and updating as the job of a pilot. I do know that everyone who aims does not reach the goal they aim at. Many fail on the way. Some drop out in between. Some get stuck down by bad luck and ill health. As for me, I am doing all I can to reach my goal. Only time will tell, whether I will finally reach my intended goal. I hope that luck and favour will not desert me on the way. Aim of My Life. (2018, Nov 08).

MicroEconomics Supply and Demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MicroEconomics Supply and Demand - Essay Example The world’s leading brands are accessing the Japanese departmental stores to sell their limited edition products. The sales of chocolates in the Valentine season pick up like anything. Primary Economic Elements The soaring demand for chocolates in Japan near the Valentine season presents a positive opportunity for the local and international Chocolatiers. It is not that the Japanese are particularly fond of chocolates. In general, the Japanese are not avid chocolate fans and their panache for the local delicacy â€Å"Wagashi† does tend to have precedence over chocolates. However, the Valentine’s-Day celebrations are a different thing. The contemporary Japanese youth closely associates the Valentine season with love and romance and the consumption of chocolates registers an exceptional spike in the Valentine’s season. Not only the local Chocolatiers do their best to profit from this surge in chocolate consumption, but the Chocolatiers hailing from around th e world, including Belgium, Switzerland and other European countries do know well that during this time of the year, the price is not a big consideration for the local chocolate lovers. The demand for chocolates in Japan during the two weeks preceding the Valentine’s-Day augments to the extent that it is getting really difficult for the suppliers to import and manufacture a commensurate stock. Most of the malls and departmental stores do run out of stock just a few days before the Valentine’s-Day. The sales of chocolate that rest at a conservative monthly average of 34 billion yen during the regular season incredulously soar to 55 billion yen during the valentine season. People do not hesitate to buy boxes of chocolates costing as high as 28, 350 yen or $ 340. The Chocolatiers play on the fantasies of the consumers by offering variations like chocolate doll houses and even chocolate furniture costing 10, 000 yen a piece. The foreign and local Chocolatiers leave no ston e unturned to accrue sales from niche segments that have a particular predilection for â€Å"Kawaii† chocolate, exchanged amongst women as a part of a local custom, comprising of a menagerie of chocolate animals like chickens, flying pigs, bugs and bunnies. This trend for chocolate is expected to become stronger in the times to come. The global players in the chocolate business have already taken cognizance of this fact. Graphical Analysis During the regular season, the demand for chocolate in Japan, as any other perishable consumer good is price elastic and follows the classic law of demand. As the Price of chocolate increases from P to P’, the demand for chocolate falls from D to D’. Besides, people start opting for local substitutes like Wagashi. Price of Chocolate P’ P D1 D’ D Units of Chocolate During the Valentine season, the things are different. The increase in the demand for chocolates moves the demand curve up along the supply curve from D1 to D2. This movement along the supply curve gives way to a new equilibrium price. This not only leads to an increase in the price of chocolates, but also results in a commensurate increase in the demand for chocolates. The Chocolatiers can benefit from this situation by pouring in more supplies in the Japanese markets. Price of Chocola

Micro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Micro - Essay Example Since the company’s inception into business in 1982, it has grown massively through collaborating, internal development, and strategic acquisition with industry leaders. Throughout this growth, the company has expanded its technological expertise alongside greater understanding of their customer needs. In supporting its employees, the organization rewards and supports them through a program, â€Å"Total Reward†. In the program, there are comprehensive benefits, world-class training programs, recognition programs, international career opportunities, and employee health and wellness initiatives. On an ethical basis, it was wrong for Edmondson to have taken such steps as lying about his qualifications. It was unprofessional of him as a leader to be caught committing such acts as driving while intoxicated. The company to clear its name it should have made Edmondson apologize to the public after his apology to the board before his resignation. The situation affected the corporation investors, board of directors and top executives. There concerns for the board of directors and top executives were concerned whether the questions they were holding out about former CEO Edmondson would be one day answered to their gratification. On the other hand, the investors were concerned with why after Edmondson appointment as CEO the company struggled with lagging stock price and flat sales. The investors’ concerns were affecting the board of directors on their credibility in being able to assess the employees properly before carrying out promotions. The board’s decision was â€Å"tough† this because Edmondson had worked for the company over ten years and had created a good reputation towards all the company stakeholders prior to the newspaper story. Mr. Roberts described this situation as such because he believed that he had made the right choice in selecting, grooming, and mentoring Edmondson as his successor only for such a story to destroy all that

Homework Problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homework Problem - Assignment Example Question 3: The University of Iowa is experimenting with a blend of soil amendments to be used in an analysis of variance study of the response of tomatoes to various amounts of sunlight.   To perform this study, all other elements must be controlled so that the only variable is the sunlight.   The minimum requirements for calcium, phosphorous, and potassium are 125 pounds, 150 pounds, and 120 pounds respectively.   The soil amendment mixture from Prairie Gold consist of 25% calcium, 25% phosphorous, 14% potassium, and 36% other ingredients.   It costs $0.60 per ounce.   The mixture from Grinell Grow is 20% calcium, 25% phosphorous, 25% potassium, and 30% other ingredients.   It sells for $0.80 per ounce Formulate a linear programming model that will allow the University of Iowa to conduct this experiment using a minimum cost blend of the two soil amendment mixtures. State clearly the Objective Function and the Constraints (if any) Question 5: Given these parameters:   ÃŽ » = 25 per hour, ÃŽ ¼ = 30 per hour, and Wq  = .3 hours, calculate the average number of customers in the system, average number of customers in the queue, and the average time a customer spends in the system using Littles Formulas. Question 6: An investor studied the percentage rates of return of three different gold funds. Random samples of percentage rates of return for four periods were taken from each fund. The results appear in the table

Implementing Pricing Strategies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Implementing Pricing Strategies - Term Paper Example Moreover, fixed costs and prices are those which are essential for running any business. Hence, these contributions are mandatory for any individual. If an individual is operating any business enterprise, the remunerations, rent and raw material cost among others are considered as overhead or fixed costs. Besides, the employees and general public also gives rise to certain fixed costs and prices such as insurance cost, health cost and medical cost among others. Therefore, fixed costs and prices can be referred to as those expenses which do not change with any alterations in the function of the business. Thus, it can be affirmed that fixed cost and prices relates to those components which are essential for measuring contribution (Avis, 2009). Apart from these, fixed cost and prices charged are also necessary in case of marketing. It facilitates in predicting the earnings of a business generated by varied modifications in ‘unit sales’ as well as the impact of anticipated p romotions. Hence, both cost and price play a significant role in contribution. In addition, these uncertain variables might prove indecisive due to changing needs and demands of customers. When the demand of a particular product or service is high, the amount of contribution might also be increased in order to attract the premium group of customers. It would enhance the market share and profitability of an organization as well as improve the brand identity. Similarly the contribution percentage or investment should be lowered at the saturation stage of a product or service to avoid incurring huge loss. Thus, it can be avowed that determination of uncertain variables such as cost and price is entirely based on the demand of product or service (Bloom, Bond & Reenen, 2007). Hence, these tentative components should not be considered as fixed, because it entirely depends on the demand fluctuations in the market with high possibility of changing values. Question 2 Pricing strategy is refe rred as the idea of implementing an optimum price, based on the features of the particular product or service. The prime objective behind the notion of shaping pricing strategy is to capitalize profit thereby enhancing the total sales of specific product or services. There are varied types of prices such as ‘cost-plus-pricing’, ‘skimming pricing’, ‘penetration pricing’, ‘value-based pricing’ and ‘target pricing’ among others. Moreover, the pricing strategies are mainly implemented based on the competition of product or services in the market. In addition, price of products and/or services help to determine the sustainability and consistency of a brand in the market among others. Thus, it can be affirmed that pricing policy is one of the significant decisions of product or service of an organization. However, at times, determination of pricing strategies of products and/or services also creates conflict among the employ ees of an organization thereby hindering their dedication towards work. Hence, pricing strategies also hamper enthusiasm and employee morale which might prove detrimental for an organization (Avis, 2009). Pricing strategy is a tool which is utilized in order to enhance the profit of an organization augmenting the demand of products and/or services in the market. Moreover, at times, experienced managers also had to change the

The Role of Women in Global Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The Role of Women in Global Politics - Essay Example There are many agencies which would promote equality in politics including IDEA or the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, the United Nations, and the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. This is an exploration of women's political participation in the world today. Along with that will be an exploration of individual regions in regard to women's political participation and strategies and recommendations including quotas toward engaging women in the political processes worldwide. According to the United Nations, the first country to grant women the right to vote was New Zealand in 1893. The UN continues to state that only twenty-eight women worldwide have been elected as heads of state or government in this century. Women currently would only hold 11.7 percent of the seats in the world's parliaments. The first and currently only equally distributed male and female diplomatic cabinet belonged to Sweden in 1995. The United Nations is not immune to the distortions of men and women within its ranks having only seven women serving amidst a total of 185 of the highest-ranking diplomats. Between the years 1987 and 1996, the percentage of female cabinet ministers worldwide rose from 3.4 to 6.8 percent. Women have been facing many obstacles to their participation in ... This figure has increased over the year, but it has only increased a very minimal percent so even now, women in politics still remains distant. In order to manage increasing the level of female representation and participation in decision-making, the various governing and decision-making bodies require well-developed strategies and information on which measures have worked successfully in different countries with different political systems. IDEA remains committed to the provision of comparative information on how to advance gender and democratic issues in general, and how then to promote participation and representation of women in political life specifically. In a performance, 27 women had won political seats in the second legislative chamber known as the DPD. These 27 women would constitute more than one fifth of total membership of what media outlets have termed the "senate". The fact that more than twenty percent of the DPD seats were won by women was unexpected as a whole under the consideration that Indonesia's first democratic elections are so very recent, having occurred in 1999. A slight percentage, only nine percent, of women had captured seats in the House of Representatives. Factors affecting this would include that the electoral system used for the DPD is known to be disadvantageous for women candidates. The Pakistani political system of reservations for women would be 17 percent of seats in the national and provincial assemblies and 30 percent of seats in district and council assemblies. Dr. Reyes noted that it would be especially important to provide support and training for women in Pakistan who would be elected for these reserved seats. "Ms. Norden explained how in Sweden the system

Criminal Litigation CW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Criminal Litigation CW - Essay Example Following your arrest by the police on suspicion of having committed the felony, you, like any other suspect have a right to a first hearing. You should be aware of the fact that the first hearing is intended to protect you as a suspected criminal, from unreasonable seizure and detention. Basically, the hearing will be carried out to establish whether there is adequate proof to support your full trial. At the initial hearing, various procedural measures may be explored to ascertain whether the police acted within the law during the initial stages of the criminal justice process. Owing to the less seriousness of the offense, you may be notified of the felony, informed of the right to legal representation and the legal requirement as to remain silent. The court may caution you against breaching the gag order, and proclaim that your statements may be admissible in court as evidence against you. You may also receive advice on how to secure a bail, especially now that the source of fundin g for your defence has already been found. Under English legal tradition, a plea is normally entered and the bail set at the initial appearance, so this case shall not an exception. The case scheduled for hearing at the Magistrate’s Court after committal shall entail the plea and modalities on how the case will be managed. In most cases, the hearing takes place in every suit in the Court, and is driven by the requirement to ensure that all important procedures have been followed, in order to enable the court to ready itself for trial. The Magistrate will be expected to act in a managerial manner in order to inject a sense of understanding among the parties concerned so that the case may move on smoothly. The Magistrate shall preside over the entry of names of the witnesses into the court records. Additionally, the Prosecution papers and exhibits shall be unveiled for the first time on that day. Any official admissions, or legal provisions or issues related with the acceptabil ity of the evidence may come out during the first hearing of your case. The court shall then receive information about the proposed timeline of the trial. These issues are usually handled as a set of questions, which the attorney who has been assigned for you shall fill on your behalf. Meanwhile, the Magistrate will provide directions on how to best deal with the case in fair, expeditious, and efficient manner by ordering the entry of a plea. In light of thus, you will be required to participate. If you plead guilty, the trial process may begin immediately, especially if the advocate whom we have assigned to lead your defence does not seek for an adjournment. If you plead not guilty, then it shall be incumbent upon the prosecution and defence to furnish the court with any important issues that will support the expending of the case. Not guilty plea A not guilty plea comes to be when a defendant neither pleads guilty nor enters a no contest plea. The not guilty option earns a defenda nt adequate time to acquire legal advice if he or she does not have one already. When the case comes up for hearing on May 17, 2013, please plead not guilty when the judge formally makes the request to determine the direction which you want the case to take. In the event that you fail to elect any plea

Frida Kahlo Essay Example for Free

Frida Kahlo Essay The â€Å"Henry Ford Hospital† (The Flying Bed) completed in 1932, created by the artist Frida Kahlo was her first painting on tin. The painting contains all components of â€Å"Frida Style† ex-voto (retablo); which is small in size, painted on tin, portrays a tragic event and an inscription. The style used for this painting is Surrealism. This work is made by Oil on Metal. The dimensions of the work are 12  ¼Ã¢â‚¬  x 15  ½Ã¢â‚¬  In a shape of a Rectangle. Frida used rich colors to express strong feelings. This artwork was made during the Modern Art period. Frida Kahlo was the creator of the â€Å"Henry Ford Hospital† (The Flying Bed) 1932 painting. This is one of her most painful self-portraits that she had ever painted. Frida created this artwork of herself during one of her most painful times in her life. She was suffering her second miscarriage, and she was also was also realizing that she would not ever be able to carry a pregnancy to term. She experienced this situation in a foreign city that she did not like, the city of Detroit, Michigan. They were in the city of Detroit because her husband Diego was creating his famous Detroit Industry frescoes (frescoes, is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster) at the Detroit Institute of Arts. In the background of the painting Frida included the Ford family’s factories because they dominated the skyline from the hospitals view. In Henry Ford Hospital Frida lies naked in her bed. Frida has a large tear falls from her left eye. The sheet beneath her is bloody, because she is had a miscarriage. Her stomach is still swollen from pregnancy. The bed frame bears the inscription Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, but the bed and Frida floats or flies in an abstract space circled by a series of six floating objects around her bed that are symbolic of her emotions at the time of her miscarriage. They are attached with festive bows; the ends of red ribbons I suggest are veins or umbilical chords that she holds against her stomach with her left hand. There is a side view of the female anatomy, a fetus, a snail, a machine, an orchid and an image of a pelvis. The main object or image is a perfectly formed male fetus; the little Diego Frida had hoped to have. The others refer to aspects of childbearing. The snail Frida explained refers to the slowness of her miscarriage. At the bottom of the painting is the broken pelvis that prevented Frida from having children. The large lavender orchid looks like an extracted uterus, Diego had given it to Frida in the hospital. When she painted the orchid, she had the sexual thing mixed with the sentimental. The female torso is to explain the inside of the female. The machine at lower left symbolizes the mechanical part of the whole business. This works meaning and the feelings involved are expressed openly. The objects are much larger than her actual body, symbolizing how her fears and tragedies are overtaking her life. The fact that she lies alone in her bed, with no one around her except the sky, shows that she feels alone. This shows the feeling of loneliness, abandonment and helplessness. It also illustrates the fragility of her body and therefore shows that she is in a weak, painful, grieving and depressing point in her life.

Analysis Of Short Story Daisy Miller

Analysis Of Short Story Daisy Miller It is very interesting to analyze this short novel à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Daisy Miller written by Henry James. This novel has a lot of fascinating things ready to be discovered and understood, and behind the story of the novel a lot of symbols are hidding ready to be dyscovered and understood. This symbols are revealing a new perspective upon the story, a new way of understanding the narrative. Another interesting thing noticed in Daisy Miller is the permanent contrast that is being created, like a symbolic opposition between summer and winter, hot and cold, youth and old age, flower (daisy) and winter, life and death. Daisy Miller herself is an image situated in the middle of contrastive opinions, she plays the part of the innocent girl, being permanently judged by society, judged by Winterbourne, although deep inside she is innocent and pure; so, an incongruity between reality and appearance is being created. Another interesting aspect of this novel is the setting. From the beginning of the book, the author makes a great introduction by situating the action, placing the reader slowly in the situation. Firstly the location is being named: At the little town in Veney, in Switzerland, so, the place is set. The narrative technique used by the author in the first paragraphs is a very interesting one. The image is firstly enlarged and then slowly with every word, the background converges, persisting on the description of the hotel and the tourist, ending by setting the time: a beautiful summer morning and then concentrating on one of the novels character: Winterbourne. So, a part of the action takes part in Switzerland and another segment of the novels action takes place in Rome. These two settings are notarbitrary chosen, both have a deep significance. These places are symbols of other literary works or genres. Firstly both are tight related with Romantic poets whom Winterbourne deeply regard. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein takes place largely in Switzerland, and Mary Shelley wrote it during the time that she, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Byron sojourned at Lake Geneva. Mary Shelley and John Keats are both buried in the Protestant Cemetery, which becomes Daisys own final resting place  [4]  . Chapter three starts with the sentence: Winterbourne, who had returned to Geneva the day after his excursion to Chillon, went to Rome towards the end of January  [5]  . This sentence points exactly the three main locations where the action of the novel takes place and where the characters of the novel express their relationships and their attitudes. Not randomly chosen, the capital of Italy, Rome might be seen as a mute character, a silent witness of the action or as a background that links contrastive matters. Rome is the city of Renaissance, the city where art bloomed, a city where the artist might easily find the place to express. Here, Daisy behaves in a very libertine way; she doesnt care about any social or ethical values, maintaining her innocence and her integrity without anybody, especially Winterbourne to notice that. Daisy, like an artist, is only judged and condemned and only after her dead she is being understood and appreciated. In Rome there was a lot of talking about the so called Roman fever; this line has a double significance, although firstly it could be understood as the mothers worry about their daughters, this expression symbolize a disease: malaria, the malady that was haunting the city, and who finally kills Daisy. Another important setting of the novels action is the Coliseum; this is the background where a very important scene takes place. Here Daisy has the final encounter with Winterbourne, here she contacts the fever, malaria and after that she dies. This place is not randomly chose. In ancient times, the Coliseum was a place famous for different fights and contests. But also, the Coliseum is well-known as the place where centuries of Christian martyrdoms took place  [6]  . Considering this background from a symbolic perspective the Coliseum becomes a place where an innocent girl was killed without having any guilt and being pure and sinless just like the Christians in the ancient times. It is typical for Henry James to represent the society of people interested in ideas and refinements of subtle manner. He often was considered as being a cosmopolite because he liked travelling so much and he often moved between America, England and Europe. The conflict between Americans and Europeans can be found as one of the main themes in the background of his novel. This theme has at its basis a modernistic concept specific to the age. The American origin plays a great role in the novel because all the characters that bare this nationality are the greatest characters, that mature and finally achieve a greatness at the end of the novel. The usual image that we find is the one of the American that loses a part of that initial innocence when encountering the figure of the European with life experience. When it comes to James structure of the novel, we can find that almost all of them are structured in the same way. We have a central thing that supremely matters, as James himself said, that all the lines point at. In Daisy Miller , this supreme matter is Winterbourne lust for the discovery of Daisys innocence. As a consequence we have the circular structure of the novel as an approach to the central subject. Henry James offers us situations of a society that he was part of and we can see that in his novels, every incident has its function in providing us more information about a situation or a character. Although we may be tempted to say that he had a sort of realism in his works, the only reality we can find is the description of a society of conflict.

Gauguin’s Hiva Oa :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Gauguin’s Hiva Oa The Tahitian island of Hiva Oa is the place where artist Paul Gauguin chose to live out the remaining years of his life. In The Moon and Sixpence, the narrator describes the place by saying, â€Å"the beauty of the island is unveiled as diminishing distance shows you in distincter shape its lovely peaks†¦for Tahiti is smiling and friendly† (Maugham 160). This is an excellent description of the island, and it is little wonder that Gauguin found solace here. Hiva Oa is on the southern coast of Tahiti and is the most fertile and well known of the Marquisas group of islands, of which there are six. Even today, Hiva Oa retains much of the physical beauty that it did during Gauguin’s stay. Many of the roads are unpaved and the largest tikis in Polynesia are found right on the island. On the cliffs overlooking the village of Atuona is Cavalry Cemetery where Gauguin is buried, along with another famous man, Belgian singer Jacques Brel, who also lived out his life in Hiva O a. In the village is a museum dedicated to the artist’s life and works. Further to the east is Puamau Village, where many of Gauguin’s descendants still live, mostly in the native lifestyle. In The Moon and Sixpence the natives are described as being promiscuous, although the definition may have a different meaning to Westerners than it does to the natives. One of the narrator’s friends describes the artist’s wife as â€Å"a good girl and she’s only seventeen. She’s never been promiscuous like some of these girls—a captain or a first mate, yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Maugham 185). This may have been the norm at the time, and one website describes the philosophy of natives today as â€Å"parents allow young people to live an independent sexual life. Young people choose their partners themselves and they may sleep with anyone they wish to† (Petya). Such an easygoing attitude may be hard for many people to understand, but Gauguin seemingl y fit in quite well. This general good nature is further seen in a general attitude of goodwill toward all people and overall generosity. The natives, especially in Gauguin’s time, were not so much concerned with money and material wealth as in living freely. Households at the time—and this can also be seen sometimes today—consisted of a sleeping house and a cooking house, surrounded by an ua ma, or pit for storing fermented breadfruit could be found.

George Orwells 1984 - A Character Sketch :: Free Essay Writer

1984 by George Orwell: Character Sketch The two main characters in 1984 are Winston Smith and Julia. Winston has his beliefs. It is very hard to make him believe in someone else's ideas or lies. He is a little paranoid about people watching him. In the story 1984, people can be watched through TVs (telescreens). Because of this paranoia, he found a place in his apartment were he could sit without being seen. He spends much of his time sitting in this corner writing in his diary. In his diary, he writes things that could easily have him killed. Winston is a quiet person who has a few friends. He has a strong feeling about how the world is and a stronger feeling about how it should be. Here is my example from the book that shows Winston's character: "Just now I held up the fingers of my hand to you. You saw five fingers. Do you remember that?" "Yes." O'Brien held up the fingers of his left hand, with the thumb concealed. "There are five fingers there. Do you see five fingers?" "Yes." And he did see them, for a fleeting instant, before the scenery of his mind changed. He saw five fingers, and there was no deformity. Then everything was normal again, and the old fear, the hatred and the bewilderment came crowding back again. But there had been a moment – he did not know how long, thirty seconds, perhaps – of luminous certainty, when each new suggestion of O'Brien's had filled up a patch of emptiness and had become absolute truth, and when two and two could have been three as easily as five, if that were what was needed. It had faded out before O'Brien had dropped his hand; but though he could not recapture it, he could remember it, as one remembers a vivid experience at some remote period of one's life when one was in effect a different person. Earlier in that section O'Brien had tortured him into believing two plus two equals five. Julia's feelings are not nearly as strong as Winston's. She is somewhat sneaky, and she is very good at eluding The Thought Police. Julia is quiet, and she likes to think of the future and the past rather than the present. She enjoys small things that are old and simple. Julia is somewhat interested in the way the world is turning. She enjoys nature and animals. Here is my example from the book that shows Julia's character: She fell to her knees, threw open the bag and tumbled out some spanners and a

the cultural affects of national geographic Essay examples -- essays r

Thailand is a country enveloped in much mystery and cultural tradition. This fact is reflected very clearly in a series of pictures taken from the article, â€Å"The Many Faces of Thailand† in the February 1996 issue of the National Geographic magazine, titled, â€Å"Into the Heart of Glaciers† I will attempt to analyze the way in which the pictures portray the richness of Thailand’s culture and people and prove this statement about the National Geographic’s photography, â€Å"They originated in a search for ways of teaching about the third world that did not objectify and were not paternalistic but that fostered both a sense of how lives around the globe are interconnected and a capacity for empathetic understanding.† (Collins, Lutz 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A good portion of its text and photographs is devoted to images of the peoples and cultures of the third world.† (Collins, Lutz 1) This quote taken out of, Reading National Geographic, is proven very true by my use of this article about Thailand. National Geographic magazine has always tried to create interest in third world countries through its photographic spreads and â€Å"draw people into contact with a much wider set of cultural ideas† (Collins, Lutz 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first photograph found in this series is one of a Buddhist ceremony. It includes much artistry and focus and teaches the reader many things about Thailand’s culture. The first thing that I noticed about the picture was that it is dominated by males. There are no females in this photograph and the ages of the males vary greatly showing a male dominance being present in the cultural hierarchy. The photo is very dark, causing the reader to focus on the subjects rather than the background. Jodi Cobb, the photographer, portrays the harmony and continuity which is traditionally the spirit found amongst the Thai people by showing the men donning monks’ robes and holding candles, incense and lotus blossoms. Capturing a photograph of a cultural ceremony is very effective in educating an audience about a country. An omniscient, unbiased stance is being achieved by the photographer in this shot because there is no indication of good or bad throughout this p hotograph, it is simply the reflection of a ceremony in order to more appreciate Thai culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The magazine attempts to articulate a national vision, ... ...eaders to see and understand the respect that Thai people have for animals and nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout this collection of photographs many different things have been learned about Thailand. Even without reading the article, I have seen a lot of cultural differences between America and Thailand and even between the Thai people themselves. â€Å"Some readings reinforce American illusions of cultural superiority and paternalism, while others entail an engagement with the subject photographed, identification across cultural boundaries, the awakening of a curiosity that may be politically invigorating.† (Collins, Lutz 11) In this issue of National Geographic the article, â€Å"The Many Faces of Thailand†, really did show the many faces of this country. Each photograph of the collection portrayed a different piece of Thailand’s cultural puzzle and than fit together to illustrate the harmony, celebration, vivaciousness and even depression of the nation’s people. Bibliography Collins, Jane L. and Lutz, Catherine A. Reading National Geographic. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1993. National Geographic Volume 189 No. 2, â€Å"Into the Heart of Glaciers† February 1996

Eagle Machine Company Essay

EAGLE MACHINE COMPANY The Eagle Machine Company has fallen on bad times. Eagle, a maker of specialty restaurant equipment, has sales totaling $72 million, but sales are declining while costs continue to increase. If things continue in this direction, Eagle soon may have to close its doors. At a special management meeting, the president lays it on the line! He demands that the firm break even in the remaining quarter of the year. For next year, he calls for profits of 5 percent, a 20 percent increase in sales, and deeper cuts in labor, material, and overhead. Later in the day, the president calls Sally Stone, director of supply management, in for a discussion. â€Å"Sally, I want your supply management people to carry the ball at the start of the game. We can’t get sales moving for six months. But you can improve your housekeeping—and Eagle’s profits—right away. Just think what you can do to that chart! Every penny you save is profit! So take a close look at what you buy. I don’t care how you make your savings—by negotiations, inventories, imports, anything. But put the screws on tight—right away! â€Å"Start with inventories, they’re sky-high. So get together with manufacturing on a 10 percent cut! We’ve got $12 million worth of materials stashed away around here, and a 10 percent cut would save at least $300,000 a year in carrying charges. At the same time, get your payroll and operating expenses down 10 percent. That is in line with our companywide cutback. I know this hurts, Sally, because you’ve got some mighty fine people here in supply management, but we can’t be sentimental these days. Our overhead has got to come down—or we’re dead! â€Å"I’m having an executive committee meeting in one week. Have your plans ready by that time! We’re betting on you, Sally. Sally reports to the president, as do other department heads. Sally learns from inventory control that raw stock inventory is $12. 2 million. The marketing manager controls finished goods stocks. Sally wonders how she can deliver the cost reduction and still keep her department and supplier relations in shape for the long pull. 1. What actions should Sally take to reduce inventories by 10 percent? 2. What dangers, if any, are there in reducing inventories? 3. In what ways could the cost of goods purchased be reduced? 4. What position should Sally take on the president’s plan to reduce the supply management payroll by 10 percent?

Positioning of Absolut Vodka

Absolut Positioning. This report will describe the concept of positioning, effective positioning and its relation to segmentation. It will analyse the positioning of Absolut vodka in its market share. In this report the relevant positioning criteria will be identified and appropriate positioning maps to support the analysis will be used. In addition, suggestions on how to improve and develop the Absolut’s positioning will be given as well. In order to apply the relevant academic theory to the positioning of Absolut Vodka brand the definition and idea of positioning concept needs to be identified.Adcock, Halborg and Ross (2001) provide the positioning definition made by Ries and Trout that say that it is ‘what happens in the mind of customers. ’ Brassington and Pettitt (2003) write that positioning ‘means thinking about a product in the context of the competitive space it occupies in its market, defined in terms of attributes that matter to the target market. ’ It is possible to state that positioning is the identification of position of certain brand and its total image among different other brands in the minds of target audience.Positioning includes the evaluation of competitive advantages and brand’s niche. The main purpose of  positioning  is to achieve  sustainable  view in  the minds of  consumers about the brand  as the best  one in particular sphere. It is known that all offered services and products are taking their place with main goal to satisfy customer’s wants and needs. Consequently, in case with effective positioning goods and services have to ‘promise the benefit the customer will receive, create the expectation, and offer a solution to the customer’s problem’, according to http://www. marketing91. com.Effective positioning needs to be unique and realistic, it has to be related to current position, should be long term and yet updated and improved during the time pe riod. Also, product needs to be in the mind of customers’. According to Wind (1980), there are six principles for product positioning. Firstly, positioning can be based on product one and only feature. Also, positioning may be related to product’s benefit that may satisfy consumer’s wants and needs. Besides, positioning can be based according to usage and/or occasion. Additionally, products can be based on competitors and on product class.Another principle that company can use to position product is to base it on user category. Segmentation In order to run business successfully it is essential to understand the concept of market segmentation. Backer (2003) argues that ‘positioning is easy. Market segmentation is difficult. Positioning problems stem from poor segmentation’. Company needs to work only with segment that has been chosen. Absolut Facts (Appendix 1) Speaking about Absolut Vodka, the first question that comes up is: â€Å"Why such unsophi sticated drink has become so successful and popular? when Russian vodka was the most recognised product, occupying the whole niche in industry, when Absolut’s bottleneck was too short for barman to handle and the whole bottle caused the negative associations with pharmacy jars. The answer to the question is: an excellent positioning strategies and advertising actions. Position Absolut possess itself as premium vodka that is not just an alcoholic drink, but lifestyle. It is shown as a beverage for the sophisticated and upper-end people; it is ‘for status buyers who are not open to snob appeal, but open to wit’. Absolut targets people ‘under 35’, those who are ‘ferociously hip’.Absolut has created the conditions, when people are ready to pay premium price (price is 15% higher than most expensive vodka brands) to join the ‘bohemian’ coterie that appreciates the high quality vodka. Due to great positioning and advertising action s the brand itself is now associated with art, music and singers, luxurious clubs that represent the Absolut diction. ‘Once marketers identify the position they would like to occupy in the market, they design a unique marketing mix that will support that position by reaching that target market and meeting its needs’ –Bovee, Houston, Thill (1995).The combination of promotion, product, price and place will assist in the brand’s positioning in order to distinguish it from competitive companies. Marketing mix in case with Absolut: Promotion is the ‘business of communicating with customers’ – The Times 100. In order to promote the brand Absolut releases the limited bottle editions, creative ads etc. Product One of the famous brand’s features is bottle’s shape that is shown in creative, humorous and trendy manner. Also, there is much attention paid to Sweden culture, history and background of vodka.Additionally, there is no doub t that company emphasises on quality of Absolut using high technologies, sources and products in order to maintain its status of super premium spirit. Price As it was mentioned, price is very high compared to other vodka manufacturers. However, Absolut is targeting the certain segment of people that are willing and ready to pay more for status drink. Place The Times 100 explains that ‘place is concerned with various methods of transporting and storing goods, and then making them available for the customer. Getting the right product to the right place at the right time involves the distribution system. According to www. absolut. com there are famous Ice bars in London, Stockholm, Copenhagen and Tokyo under Absolut brand. This fact again supports the idea that Absolut is not a drink but lifestyle. Positioning map ‘Once the positioning has been completed for all the relevant attributes, it is useful to be able to visualise the complete picture graphically, by creating a per ceptual map of the market’ as Brassington and Pettitt (2003) explain. Using http://oliver. efri. hr/~medmark/dokumenti/absolute_vodka. pdf and Mintel’s Vodka – UK – March 2009 report the positioning map for vodka brands may be structured as following:Platinum vodka – the price is higher than ? 40 for 70cl (Mintel) Super premium vodka – is ? 25 or more for 70cl (Mintel) Premium – ? 14. 94-? 24. 99 for 70cl (Mintel) Own-label – ? 4. 82-? 21. 83 according to http://www. supermarketownbrandguide. co. uk Mintel provides the diagram (Appendix 2) that shows the UK market share of vodka, 2008. According to that, it is possible to state that Absolut competes with Smirnoff Red which ‘in the UK is the brand leader ‘the sophisticated one’ the establishment’ – Adcock, Halborg, Ross (2001). Smirnoff is less expensive and yet quality (around ? 1 per bottle) and is famous because of its ‘Russia-nessâ€⠄¢ (however, it is known Smirnoff comes from Connecticut, USA). Suggestions For Absolut it is important to continue its development researching its competitors and stick with its target market. Company has to be very sensitive to its customers’ demand changes and actions of competitors (direct and potential) – their profitability, weaknesses and strengths. Absoult needs to understand and know competitors as much as it is possible. Company ‘should not be surprised if it falls to stay ahead’ as Backer (2003) states. BibliographyAdcock, D, Halborg, A, Ross, C (2001). Marketing principles and practice. 4th ed. Essex: Financial Times Management. p172-177. Backer, M (2003). The Marketing Book. 5th ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. p106. Brassington, F, Pettitt, S (2003). Principles of Marketing. Essex: Financial Times. p116-197. Courtland, B, Houston, M, Thill, J (1995). Marketing. 2nd ed. NY: McGraw-Hill. p202 Kotler, P, G Armstrong, J Saunders and V Wong, 199 9, Principles of Marketing, second European edition, (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall) Wind, Y, 1980, Going to Market: new twists for some old tricks, Wharton Magazine, 4Absolut. (2012). Absolut Vodka. Available: www. absolut. com. Last accessed 16th Apr 2012. Bhasin, H. (2010). Effective positioning. Available: http://www. marketing91. com/effective-positioning/. Last accessed 15th Apr 2012. Oliver, E. (2010). Absolut Vodka. Available: http://oliver. efri. hr/~medmark/dokumenti/absolute_vodka. pdf. Last accessed 16th Apr 2012. Supermarket own brand guide. (2012). Spirits. Available: http://www. supermarketownbrandguide. co. uk/search. php? SearchString=vodka;Search. x=69;Search. y=18;score;price=0;pricevalue=0. 0;table=spirits. The Times 100 ; Wilson and Wilson Publishing Ltd. (2011). Marketing mix. Available: http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/business-theory/marketing/marketing-mix-price-place-promotion-product. html#ixzz1s6QeVriC. Last accessed 15th Apr 2012. Mintel Vodka, UK, March (2009). Vodka – can fashion last forever. [Online] Available at: http://academic. mintel. com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show;/display/id=393884 [Accessed: April 2012]. White Spirits and RTDs, UK, March (2011). Competitive Context. [Online]. Available at: http://academic. mintel. om/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show;/display/id=545336/display/id=569847 [Accessed: April 2012]. Appendices 1. ABSOLUT VODKA, introduced in the US in 1979, is the fourth largest international premium spirit in the world and is available in more than 150 markets. ABSOLUT VODKA is the number two brand of premium vodka worldwide. (Source: Impact International) Since its launch in 1979, ABSOLUT VODKA has achieved significant worldwide sales growth, from 10,000 nine-liter cases (90,000 liters) to 11. 0 million nine-liter cases in 2010 (99. 0 millions of liters).Every bottle of ABSOLUTVODKA is produced in Ahus, in southern Sweden. ABSOLUT VODKA is produced from winter wheat, a hardy wheat grain that gives ABSOLUT VODKA its smooth grain character. Every year approximately 80,000 tons are used to produce ABSOLUT VODKA. Over one kilo (two pounds) of grain is used for every one-liter bottle. ABSOLUT VODKA uses a unique process called continuous distillation, introduced in the nineteenth century by ‘‘The Vodka King’’, Lars Olsson Smith. ABSOLUT VODKA is distilled hundreds of times until all impurities have been removed 2.

Review Questions Chapter

Coral reefs are elaborate networks of crevices, ledges, and holes made up of calcium carbonate; coral polyps are tiny animals that build coral reefs by secreting a crust of limestone around their bodies that accumulate once multiple polyps die.Coral reefs help moderate atmospheric temperatures by removing CA from the atmosphere, act as natural barriers that help protect of the world's coastlines from erosion by battering waves and storms, provide habitats for a variety of marine organisms, produce about one-tenth of the global fish catch, one-fourth of the catch n developing countries, provide Jobs and building materials for some of the world's poorest countries, and support fishing and tourism Industries worth billions of dollars each year.Coral bleaching is when a coral becomes stressed and the algae on which it depends for food and color die out, leaving an underlying white or bleached skeleton of calcium carbonate; this occurs because of increased water temperatures and runoff of silt from the land. 2. The two major aquatic life zones are saltwater (marine) and freshwater life zones. 3. Phytoplankton (plank plankton) are multiple types of algae; Zooplankton (animal Lankan) are primary and secondary consumers which feed off phytoplankton (primary consumers) or other zooplankton (secondary consumers these range from protozoa to large invertebrates such as Jellyfish. Alternation are much smaller plankton that may be responsible for 70% of the primary productivity near the ocean surface. Nektons are strongly swimming consumers such as fish, turtles, and whales. Penthouses are bottom dwellers that attach themselves to one spot (e. G. Barnacles, oysters, worms, lobsters, crabs). Decomposer are organisms (mainly bacteria) which break down the organic compounds in the dead bodies and wastes of aquatic organisms into simple nutrient compounds for use by aquatic producers. 4. A major advantage of living In an aquatic life zone Is the fact that there Is high biodivers ity.A disadvantage Is that It Is constantly affected by human activities. 5. The four factors that determine the types and numbers of organisms found in these layers are temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved 02 content, and availability of nutrients. 6. The marine systems provide climate moderation, carbon doodle absorption, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, reduced storm impact, habitats and nursery areas, emetic resources and biodiversity, scientific information, food, animal and pet feed, pharmaceuticals, harbors and transportation routes, recreation, employment, oil and natural gas, minerals, and building materials. . The coastal zone Is the warm, nutrient-rich, shallow water that extends from the Estuaries are regions where rivers meet the ocean. Coastal wetlands are land areas covered with water all or part of the year. Mangroves are the tropical counterparts of salt marshes. Temperature and salinity vary greatly in estuaries and coastal wetlands becau se seawater and freshwater mix, because tidal and river flows vary, and cause of land runoff.These have such a high NP because of high nutrient inputs from rivers and nearby land, rapid circulation of nutrients by tidal flows, presence of many producer plants, and ample sunlight penetrating the shallow waters. 8. The intertribal zone is the area between low and high tides. Rocky shores are beaches with a remarkable variety of species that occupy different niches in response to daily and seasonal changes in environmental conditions such as temperature, water flows, and salinity. Sandy shores are beaches with niches for different marine organisms. . Barrier islands are low, narrow, sandy islands that form offshore from a coastline. These are sought for human development because they are beautiful; however, these are at risk because the can be damaged or destroyed by flooding, severe beach erosion, or storms. The dunes should be protected because they serve as the first line of defense against the ravages of the sea. 10. Coral reefs are vulnerable to damage because they grow slowly, are disrupted easily, and only thrive in clear, warm, and fairly shallow water of constant high salinity.Humans impact coral reefs negatively by causing ocean warming, soil erosion, algae growth from fertilizer runoff, mangrove destruction, bleaching, rising sea levels, increased UP exposure, damage from anchors, and damage from fishing and diving. 11 . The open sea is the sharp increase in water depth at the edge of the continental shelf separated from the coastal zone. Its three main vertical zones are the epiphytic zone, the bathmat zone, and the abyssal zone. The NP per unit of area is so low because of its size. 2. Humans destroy coastal wetlands for agriculture and urban development, destroy mangroves for agriculture, development, and aquaculture, erode beaches because of coastal development and rising sea levels, degrade ocean bottom habitats by dredging and trawler fishing, an d damage coral reefs. 13. Freshwater life zones are the freshwater bodies of water. The two main types are standing (lentil) bodies of freshwater and flowing (lactic) bodies of freshwater. 14.Freshwater systems provide climate moderation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, flood control, groundwater recharge, habitats for many species, genetic resources for biodiversity, scientific information, food, drinking water, irrigation water, hydroelectricity, transportation corridors, recreation, and employment. Unify, and groundwater seepage fills the depressions in the earth's surface. The literal zone is the zone near the shore which consists of the shallow sunlit waters to the depths at which rooted plants stop growing.The liniment zone is the open, sunlit water surface layer away from the shore that extends to the depth penetrated by the sunlight. The profoundly zone is the deep, open water where is too dark for photosynthesis. Then benthic zone is the lowest part of the lake where mos tly decomposer and detritus feeders are located. 16. The three types of lakes are the oligarchic (poorly nourished) lake, atrophic well nourished) lake, and the mesospheric (middle) lake. 17. Surface water is the water which doesn't seep into the ground or evaporate.Runoff is surface water once it flows into streams. A watershed is a land area that delivers runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream. The floodplain zone is generally populated by cold-water fish. The transition zone is inhabited by producers and cool- and warm-water fish species. The floodplain zone is populated by producers such as algae, contractible, and rooted aquatic plants along the shore. 18. Inland wetlands are lands covered with freshwater all or part of the time.Marshes, swamps, prairie potholes, floodplains, and arctic tundra in the summer are examples of inland wetlands. Seasonal inland wetlands are wetlands that are only covered by water during certain times of the year. 19. Dams, diversions, and canals fragment 40% of the world's 237 large rivers. Flood control methods built along rivers alter and destroy aquatic habitats. Cities and farmlands add pollutants and excess plant nutrients to nearby streams and rivers. Many inland wetlands have been drained or filled to grow crops or have been covered with concrete, asphalt, and buildings.

Modernism as an Impact in Society Essay

Modernism is a modernist movements in the art, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modernism also reject the idea of enlightenment thinking as a well the idea of god as a powerful person. Modernism movement is focus on traditional activities such as; art, architecture, the religious faith, social organization and daily life, those things were become obsolete in the economic system, social and political implication that were presented the fully industrialized world. An example of modernism was â€Å"Sophistication† by Sherwood Anderson in (1876-1941). â€Å"Sophistication† has several controversial ideas that suggest negative consequences on society; insolation, and individuality of people. Tendencies about modernism presented in â€Å"sophistication† could be cause impact in depression. Depression is a mental state or chronic mental disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, despair, low self-esteem, and self-reproach (Leonard). Modernism considers that exist a barrier that divides past from the present. It is an impassible barrier in the imagination of modernity. It? s cause the experience of disillusion which make it possible to capture the innocence of early days. Modernism suggest that all people have disillusion for any reason, this disillusion helps people to overcome the problem and also sees the world as an option to improve their live. Besides an idea of modernism is the disillusion of people. Sherwood Anderson in his story â€Å"Sophistication† suggest that: The mood that had taken possession of him was a thing known to men and unknown to boys. He felt old and a little tired. Memories awoke in him. To his mind his new sense of maturity set him apart, made of him a half-tragic figure. He wanted someone to understand the feeling that had taken possession of him after his mother’s death. (422) It means that George Willard is growing up into manhood but, he wants to have a person that can comprehend some feelings that had taken possession of him because he felt totally different in his new stage. On the other hand, James Leonard makes contrast about believes that Sherwood Anderson has with regard to puritanism. He suggest that disillusion cause spiritual depression: â€Å"Almost any disappointment, disillusionment, failure, or collapse-of-hopes might cause us to tumble into an emotional slump† In this perspective, disillusion cause a spiritual depression in which people that are facing problems like adaptation into society. When Elizabeth, his mother, finally dies, George Willard is oddly unaffected at first. He decides that now he will definitely leave Winesburg. â€Å"Sitting with his mother’s corpse, he begins to think of kissing Helen White. Having this thought while sitting next to his dead mother makes him feel guilty, and he begins to weep again. He leaves the room, still crying, overcome by a combination of fright and uncertainty. † (Anderson) However George remember things such when his mother death for that reason he felt loneliness and maybe in some moments he was depressed for both reason; his mother and Helen White. Sherwood in his story â€Å"Sophistication† arguments: â€Å"The sadness of sophistication has come to the boy. With a little gaps he sees himself as a merely a leaf blown by the wind through the streets of his villages†( p 423). That means that he has fair to confront the new world. He felt alone and his thoughts are that he is going to die uncertainly. Moreover, when people in society are facing situations that can affect their life like remembering of past, thing like this was difficult to overcome for them or accomplish some rules that society is show them such; aptitude related with sex, being part of fully industrialized world. Those thing can affect themselves. Also, if they do not accomplish those rules, they are discriminate or they cannot be part of the world. In some moment they are called stranger person or rare. The ideologies Modernism presents in Sophistication cause several impact on society. Modernism has its own relation with individualism. Subsequently, they belief are not shared by the religion. Modernism belief that individualism has association with liberty. On the other hand, â€Å"Sophistication† presents a corrupt interest on money as a form of refuse to obtain materials things. The point of view epitomized by Sherwood Anderson in his story â€Å"Sophistication† with an insignificant quotation: Helen arose and went into the house. At the door leading to a garden at the back she stopped and stood listening. Her mother began to talk. â€Å"There is no one here fit to associate with a girl of Helen’s breeding,† she said. Helen ran down a flight of stairs at the back of the house and into the garden. In the darkness she stopped and stood trembling. It seemed to her that the world was full of meaningless people saying words. With this example Anderson in his history try to demonstrate what important are the material things for Helens mother, saying to instructor that do not exist a man that can be compere with the status of Helen White. However, Helen felt sad because she thinks that in the word there are people who say stupid things. But, the mother does not take into account Helen’s feelings because people who are materialist do not care about people who are around them. Moreover Helen was thinking in George when she went to fair with the instructor. Besides, Anderson affirm that Helen’s thought was regard to George: Helen White was thinking of George Willard even as he wandered gloomily through the crowds thinking of her. She remembered the summer evening when they had walked together and wanted to walk with him again. She thought that the months she had spent in the city, the going to theaters and the seeing of great crowds wandering in lighted thoroughfares, had changed her profoundly. She wanted him to feel and be conscious of the change in her nature. That means that Helen is thinking in her love and also. And she also was remembering things when they were in the city, those things she cannot forget because they were like phantasy for her. Also, Helen White wants that George about some changes in her nature, those changes have to be with her growing up into womanhood. However, religion disagree with this point of view that modernist present in â€Å"Sophistication†. Religion has some fundaments related with love as important pillar in humans being. On the other hand, the religion criticizes the ambition for materials thing because God teach them in his bible that material things do not have anything to do with happiness. Reina Valera makes a contrast about belief of modernism: Make no store of wealth for yourselves on earth, where it may be turned to dust by worms and weather, and where thieves may come in by force and take it away, But make a store for yourselves in heaven, where it will not be turned to dust and where thieves do not come in to take it away: For where our wealth is, there will your heart be. (Matthew 6:19, 20, 21) God counsels to make our best things the joys and glories of the other world, those things not seen which are eternal, and to place our happiness in them. Furthermore, God tries to teach that if we die all materials things we are going to stay in this earth, for that reason materials things are not related with happiness. To sum up, the vision of Sherwood Anderson as a modernism believer has about the connection that exist between past and present when children are suffering some changes when they are growing up how is present in â€Å"sophistication† Helen White was change her childhood into womanhood at the same time of George was change his childhood into manhood. But, it is also important to take into account that those changes could affect their life because some children want not to be part of adult and some moments those changes could be the first cause of depression. After all, it is necessary to respect the perception that the religion has, it is in contrast of the ambition of material things or to get money. However, it is necessary to respect those beliefs that every person has about religion. Moreover Reina Valera teach us that material things do not have anything to do with happiness because God teach us that it is more important love because materials thing is going to stay in the earth when we die.

Capital Structure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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The should be presented as a Journal opinion article and address an economic issue of current interest to Wall Street - Assignment Example Louis named James Bullard revealed that the outlook of different monetary policies is incessantly enhancing the turbulent financial scenario along with mitigating the challenges resulting from inflationary pressures by a greater level. Moreover, Bullard proclaimed that the enhancement in the financial landscape might assist in slowing down the tempo of buying bonds at large (Derby, â€Å"Fed's Bullard: Weak Inflation May Argue for More Fed Stimulus†). Relating to the article, Bullard affirmed that though the conditions of the labour market have enhanced, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) can slow down the pace of purchasing bonds. But, the rise of the crucial aspect concerning weak inflation might reveal that FOMC would have to raise its tempo in buying bonds (Derby, â€Å"Fed's Bullard: Weak Inflation May Argue for More Fed Stimulus†). This can be justified with reference to the other article i.e. â€Å"Fed head says low inflation may warrant prolonging bond-bu ying program† which presented by Steve Matthews and Greg Quinn that the vital concern of weak inflation below 2 percent target of the Central Bank may raise the extensive usage of bond buying for the purpose of developing financial position and most significantly lessening the rate of unemployment. It has been apparently observed in this particular article that the FOMC will continue to purchase bonds until the conditions of the labour market enhanced considerably. In response, Bullard proclaimed that this major decision of FOMC can be related with an important concern. In this regard, the significant concern has been viewed to be the consideration of low-interest charges that can be linked with extreme risk-taking especially in the financial business markets by FOMC (Matthews and Quinn, â€Å"Fed head says low inflation may warrant prolonging bond-buying program†). According to the article â€Å"Fed Stimulus Stays Strong† which presented by Joseph Cafariello, it can be viewed that FOMC tends or promises to buy extra agency based mortgage-backed securities at $40 billion and also long-term based Treasury securities at $45 billion on a monthly basis with the motive of attaining certain additional benefits. These benefits comprise preserving downward pressure resulting from the imposition of interest charges that are long term, assisting mortgage markets and most vitally making wider financial circumstances much more accommodative among others. Furthermore, Cafariello argued in the article that the committee is quite prepared to raise or lessen its purchase of bonds or securities by taking into concern the prevailing conditions of the labour market. Similarly, it has been viewed in the article that like FOMC, the FED is also keeping itself much open towards raising or lessening purchase of bonds or securities as financial conditions necessitate. As mentioned in the article, both FOMC and the FED is much concerned towards increasing or lesseni ng their respective pace of buying bonds or securities owing to the reason that different fiscal policies are restraining financial growth by a greater level and most vitally weakening the economy at large (Cafariello, â€Å"Fed Stimulus Stays Strong†). In accordance with the article i.e. â€Å"Fed's Bullard: Weak Inflation May Argue For More Fed Stimulus† which presented by Michael S. Derby, it can be apparently observ

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A Paper on Apprenticeship in Chemical Industries Essay Example for Free

A Paper on Apprenticeship in Chemical Industries Essay I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have made the completion of this summer project: Our college, METAS ADVENTIST COLLEGE, for giving this opportunity. My college mentor Mr. D. Mukherjee Sir for his vital encouragement and support. Reliance industries ltd. , India’s world renowned corporate house for giving me a wonderful platform to undergo this summer project. Mr. Himanshu Bhatt (HOD), for his good leadership and leading me to the right places. Mr. Suresh Lachhwani, HR Manager for his understanding and assistance. Mr. Geyal Bhatt,HR manager for his constant reminders and much needed motivation. Mr. Vijay Shethna, HR Manager for his guidance. Mr. Naman Buch Mr. Giriraj Mistry for their valuable support and help throughout my project. Most especially to my family and friends. And to God who made all things possible COMPANY PROFILE The Reliance Group, founded by Dhirubhai H. Ambani (1932-2002), is Indias largest private sector enterprise, with businesses in the energy and materials value chain. Groups annual revenues are in excess of USD 27 billion. The flagship company, Reliance Industries Limited, is a Fortune Global 500 company and is the largest private sector company in India Backward vertical integration has been the cornerstone of the evolution and growth of Reliance. Starting with textiles in the late seventies, Reliance pursued a strategy of backward vertical integration in polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics, petrochemicals, petroleum refining and oil and gas exploration and production to be fully integrated along the materials and energy value chain. The Groups activities span exploration and production of oil and gas, petroleum refining and marketing, petrochemicals (polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics and chemicals), textiles and retail. Reliance enjoys global leadership in its businesses, being the largest polyester yarn and fibre producer in the world and among the top five to ten producers in the world in major petrochemical products. The Group exports products in excess of USD 15 billion to more than 100 countries in the world. There are more than 25,000 employees on the rolls of Group Companies. Major Group Companies are Reliance Industries Limited (including main subsidiaries Reliance Petroleum Limited and Reliance Retail Limited) and Reliance Industrial infrastructure Limited. RELIANCE AT A GLANCE This is the story of a company with a vision of how it grew from being a small trading unit to be ranked among the top 50 emerging market companies in the world. It is the story of how a company helped place India firmly on the world industrial scenario. Taking with a family, a growing family that includes collaborators, suppliers, customers, employees and the largest based in the country. It is the story of how company’s vision has extended to include newer challenges, new goals and most of all it is a story of a company where the â€Å"Growth is Life†. He (Mr. Dhirubhai Ambani) made a beginning by setting up a company viz. Reliance Commercial Corporation. â€Å"Reliance† means reliability, which is the main principle of any business and we believe that this success in business lies in the principle. He created an empire of Reliance in the various fields such as PETROCHEMICALS, POLYMERS, TEXTILES AND PETROLEUM. The expert team of the technocrats of the World Bank has come to conclusions that reliance textile unit is the top most quality conscious textile unit among the developed countries. Reliance Commercial Corporation went public in the year 1971. In the next few years the company made a massive investment exceeding 40,000 cores of rupees in the industrial areas of petroleum, Gas, Chemicals, Textile, Special Economic Zones and life sciences and established supremacy in diverse industrial areas which took the Reliance group to the peak of Industrial areas. History of Reliance – Hazira Reliance Industries Ltd, Hazira started in 1988. RIL, Hazira is one of the flagship companies of reliance group. It is largest integrated Petrochemicals and polyester complex of India. It dealt with various commodities including Nylon and Rayon. Eight years later it started the manufacturing of synthetic fabrics in February 1996. Eight years later it is started with the manufacturing of synthetic fabrics under the brand name of â€Å"Vimal† in textile mills at Naroda. In three years Reliance establish itself as the largest textile group in the country. The Reliance Industries Ltd, Hazira Manufacturing Division at Hazira near Surat in Gujarat is situated in 750 acres land on the banks of river Tapti. The land when procured was very low and marshy and required extensive site development including 7 million cubic meter of soil filling to raise the ground level upto 6ft. In order to protect the environment and avoid ecological disaster, conventional methods were employed to pump out the river sand for hydraulic filling. The marshy soil with load bearing capacity called for extensive pilling work to be carried out. In an unprecedented construction activity around 18,000 piles were driven for the first phase in about 6 months time. Reliance adopted the unique concept of implementing the Phase 1 down stream plants at Hazira with imported raw material (Ethylene) and intermediates (Ethylene Dichloride, EDC) to ensure completion and commissioning of the plants in 24 months time. Reliance is the first complex in the world to starts operations based on imported Ethylene, British Petroleum followed then. Ethylene unloading terminal is built in collaboration with LT and LGA of Germany. Ethylene storage is one of the largest in the world. It has 2 tanks with uble wall protection and concrete wall outside as an advance safety feature Contribution to the economy Reliance Group revenue is equivalent to about 3. 5% of India’s GDP. The Group contributes nearly 10% of the country’s indirect tax revenue and over 6% of India’s export. Reliance is trusted by an investor family of over 3. 1% million-India largest. Abbreviations and acronyms AITT All-India Trade Test AOCP attendant operator (chemical plant) API active pharmaceutical ingredient ATI advanced training institutes. ATS Apprenticeship Training Scheme BTC basic training centre cGMP current good manufacturing practices CTS Craftsmen Training Scheme DCS distributed control system DGET Directorate General of Employment and Training GDP gross domestic product HOCL Hindustan Organic Chemicals Limited HRD human resources development HRM human resources management ITC industrial training centre ITI industrial training institute MITI model industrial training institute NAC National Apprenticeship Certificate NSCI National Safety Council of India NCVT National Council of Vocational Training. PLC programmable logic controller RD research and development RIC related instruction centre RIL Reliance Industries Limited SCVT State Council for Vocational Training SHE safety, health and environment SOP standard operating procedures SSI mall-scale industry VET vocational education and training INTRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES The chemical industry is a base of modern society. It is huge, one of the largest industries in the world. As societies and economies grow, so does the chemical industry. It is of strategic importance to the sustainable development of national economies. The world chemical industry employs an estimated 14 million workers and accounts for about 10 percent of national GDP in developed countries. World trade in chemicals reached a record US$700 billion, and the industry is still growing. The chemical industry in Western Europe shows steady growth, with annual averaged growth of over 4 per cent. The Asian chemical industry shows an increase reaching almost two-digit growth every year. The chemical industry keeps improving our standard of living and provides many of the essentials that our society needs. The chemical industry produces more than 70,000 products. It is a highly capitalized industry. Much of the manual work has been replaced by automation, but significant parts of the operation still rely on human input. Workers’ skills are therefore crucial to the stable production and growth of the industry. The aim of this study is to explore in depth some practices of vocational education and training (VET) in the chemical industry in India, which is one of the leading chemical producers in Asia. Overview of the Chemical Industry in India The chemical industry is one of the oldest industries in India. It not only plays a crucial role in meeting people’s daily needs but also significantly contributes to the industrial and economic growth of the country. In 2004, the total sales of the Indian chemical industry were about US$28 billion, or about 2 per cent of global chemical sales, which stand at about US$1. 7 trillion. It is the third largest in Asia and ranks at 12th in world chemical production. Some statistics on the contribution of the Indian chemical industry to the national economy are given below: The Indian chemical industry at a glance in 2005 Total sales: US$32 billion. The chemical industry constitutes: – 7. 5 per cent of India’s total GDP; – 10 per cent of India’s total exports; and – 12 per cent of industrial production in India. Unionized chemical workers account for 17 per cent of the total unionized workforce (or about 1 million unionized workers in the chemical industry). 20 per cent of excise and import duty collection The Indian chemical industry is highly fragmented. The primary cause of the fragmentation is due to the Government’s corporate licensing policies, allowing various sizes of chemical firms in order to address the supply and demand gap of chemical products. The sectoral classification of the Indian chemical industry in 2004 is given in figure 1. The dyestuff sector is one of the important segments in the chemical industry in India, which is closely related with other chemical sectors. The textile industry is the largest consumer of dyestuffs, nearly 80 per cent of total dyestuff production. While in the 1950s, India imported dyestuff, the country’s dyestuff sector has grown into a very strong industry and has become a major foreign currency earner. India has emerged as a global supplier of dyestuff and dye intermediates, in particular reactive, acid, vat and direct dyes. Fertilizers and pesticides played an important role in the â€Å"Green Revolution† of the 1960s and 1970s. But the consumption of pesticides in India has been decreasing, and is now lower than any other developing country. India now turns to be an exporter of agrochemicals, showing an impressive growth in the last five years. In 2004, fertilizers accounted for about 18 per cent of India’s total chemical production. Indian chemical industry: Sectoral classification, 2005 Fertilizers; 18% Man-made fibres; 16% Pharmaceuticals; 15% Organic chemicals; 15% Soap toiletries; 11% Polymers; 6% Inorganic chemicals; 8% Paints dyes; 5%. Pesticides; 3% Other chemicals; 3% National framework of vocational education and training (VET) Introduction In 1947 India was independent. In the early 1950s, India launched a five-year plan with massive industrializing drives to stimulate workers to acquire high skills. To meet this end, the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGET) in the Union Ministry of Labour initiated the Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS) by establishing about 50 ITIs for imparting skills in various vocational trades to meet the increasing skilled workforce requirements for the advancement of technologies and the industrial growth of the country. VET is a concurrent subject of both central and state Governments in India. VET-related matters, such as the development of training schemes, training policies, training standards, training procedures, organization of trade tests and issuance of certifications, are the responsibility of the central Government, whereas the implementation of training schemes largely rests with state Governments. The central Government created the National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT), a tripartite body representing central Government, employers and trade unions. Similarly, the State Council for Vocational Training (SCVT) was established at the state level, with the same purposes as the NCVT. At the national level, at present there are two main vocational training initiatives, which are the CTS and the ATS. 1 The Government and chemical companies have dual responsibility for providing workers with training under the Apprentices Act, 1961. Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS) Objectives The objectives of the CTS are: 1. To ensure steady flow of skilled workers in all industrial/service sectors; 2. To raise the quality and quantity of industrial production by systematic training of workers; and 3. To reduce unemployment among the youth by equipping them with suitable skills for industrial workers. Salient features of the CTS Training is imparted in 50 engineering and 48 non-engineering trades through the industrial training institutes (ITIs) and the industrial training centres (ITCs) located throughout the country. The period of training varies from one to three years. The entry qualification varies from 8th to 12th class completed students, depending on the requirements of trade. The training institutes have necessary infrastructural facilities. These institutes are required to conduct training courses as per the training curriculum decided by the NCVT. All-India Trade Tests (AITTs) are conducted in January and July every year by the DGET. After the completion of the training at the ITIs and ITCs, trainees must appear in the All India Trade Tests. National Trade Certificates will be awarded to those who pass the tests. The Certificates are recognized by the central Government for the purpose of recruitment at the central Government and the state-owned corporations. About 70 per cent of the training period is allotted to practical training and the rest to theoretical training relating to trade theory, calculation and science, engineering, social studies including environmental science and family welfare. Broad-based modular training is offered in four central model industrial training institutes (MITIs). This training offers an advantage of re-orienting the training modules as per the changing skill requirements in the industry. Trades related to the chemical plant operators. The trades related to chemical plant operators, the period of training and their entry qualifications under the CTS are summarized in table 1. Table 1. Trade, period of training and entry qualifications for chemical plant operators under the CTS Trade Period of training Entry qualifications Maintenance mechanic(chemical plant) 2 years Passed 10th class examination with physics, chemistry and mathematics under 10+2 system of education or its equivalent. Instrument mechanic (chemical plant) (a) 2 years (b) 6 months. Passed 10th class examination under 10+2 system of education with physics, chemistry and mathematics as one of the subjects or its equivalent. Passed B. Sc. with physics and chemistry. Attendant operator (chemical plant) (a) 2 years (b) 6 months Apprenticeship Training Scheme (ATS) With the growing tempo of planned economy giving rise to increased industrial activity both in the public and the private sectors. Systematic trained manpower is vital for Industrial development and productivity. Apprenticeship training is the most important programme for training skilled workers for these industries. India is one among the very few countries having a comprehensive and systematic Apprenticeship Training Scheme. In order to regulate and control of training the Apprenticeship Act of 1850 was enacted. Later on Parliament considered it necessary to enact a more comprehensive Act as the old Act if 1850 was found quite inadequate and so instead of just amending it, the new Act containing more detailed provision was enacted on the unanimous acceptance of recommendations of Shiva Rao Committee in 1961. Subsequently Apprenticeship Rules were framed for smooth implementation of the Act in 1962 and it was enforced with effect from 1963. Its scope was extended in 1973 to cover Engineering Graduates and Diploma holders. At present 254 specified groups of Industries are brought under the purview of Act 137 trades are designed under the apprenticeship Act. The ATS is operated under the Apprentices Act, 1961. The law requires all companies to provide apprentice training to entry-level workers. Firstly, we will briefly discuss the aims and the background of the Act, followed by the discussion concerning the ATS. BRIEF OBJECTIVES OF THE APPRENTICESHIP ACT 1961 ARE : (i)To regulate the programme of training of apprentices in the industry so as to confirm to the prescribed syllabi, period of training etc prescribed by the Central Apprenticeship Council, and (ii)To utilize fully the facilities available in the industry for imparting practical training with a view of meeting the requirements of skilled workers in the Industries. TRAINING OF TRADE APPRENTICES CONSISTS OF : 1. Basic Training 2. On the job training or Shop floor Training. 3. Related Instructions. INTRODUCTION. The Apprenticeship Act, 1961, come into force with effect from Ist March, Craftsman Training was proposed to be imparted under the Industrial Conditions on the shop floor. PURPOSE OF THE APPRENTICESHIP ACT, 1961. The Apprenticeship Act, 1961provides for the regulation and control of training for Apprentices in the country. This Act has been enacted in order to regularise the programme of their practical training and to ensure fully utilisation of the available training facilities. The Apprenticeship Training Scheme has two fold objectives namely :- ( a )Maximum utilisation of training potential to relieve unemployment and ( b )To give more intensive training to the Apprentices so as to bring their level of skill to entertain specified standards. Evolution of the Apprentices Act, 1961 The National Apprenticeship Scheme started in 1959 on a voluntary basis. The Apprentices Act was enacted in 1961 and promulgated on 1 March 1962. Initially, the Act envisaged training of trade apprentices. The Act was amended in 1973 to include training of graduates and diploma engineers as â€Å"graduate† and â€Å"technician† apprentices, respectively. The Act was further amended in 1986 to bring it within its purview the training of the 10 + 2 vocational training system as â€Å"technician (vocational)† apprentices. Administration of the Apprentices Act, 1961 The responsibility of administering the Apprentices Act, 1961, lies in the DGET. The DGET is also responsible for implementation of the Act with respect to trade apprentices in the central Government through the undertakings and departments. This is done through six regional directorates of apprenticeship training located at Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kanpur and Faridabad. State apprenticeship advisers are responsible for the implementation of the Act at the state level. In addition, the Department of Education in the Union Ministry of Human Resources Development (HRD) is responsible for the implementation of the Act with respect to graduate, technician and technician (vocational) apprentices. This is done through four boards of apprenticeship training located at Kanpur, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai. Under the Act, the chemical industry is included in the categories of manufacture of basic chemicals and chemical products and manufacture of rubber, plastic, petroleum and coal products. APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING SCHEME (ATS) The Central Apprenticeship Council is a responsible organ to the ATS. The Council advises the central Government on designing the policies and prescribing the standards and principles in respect of the ATS. It is a tripartite organ. The Union Minister of Labour is the Chairperson of the Council and the Minister of State for Education is the Vice-Chairperson. COVERAGE The apprenticeship training is obligatory on the part of employers in public and private establishments; they must have the requisite training infrastructures, as laid down in the Act. In 2005 nearly 18,000 establishments engaged in the apprentice training, of which 254 companies or groups of companies in the chemical industry were covered by The Apprentices Act. For the attendant operators in the chemical plant, chemical companies must hire one apprentice trainee for every ten workers, excluding non-skilled workers. QUALIFICATIONS AND RECRUITMENT OF TRADE APPRENTICES. A person male or female not less than 14 years of age is qualified for being engaged as Apprentices. The entry educational qualifications for the Apprentice vary from 8th class or equivalent matric with mathematics and Ph/Chem/Biology/ English as prescribed by CAC. The apprentice before engagement should also satisfy such standards of physical fitness as prescribed. The recruitment of apprentices is the responsibility of the employers . Employers can seek the assistance of Employment exchanges, Industrial Training Institutes, Directorate of Technical Education and Industrial Training, Apprenticeship section, Placement section or advertisement through press can be recruited in the month of Feb/Mar or Aug/Sept of every year against the assessed vacant seats. The apprentices recruited during March/September shall complete their apprenticeship training during either of these two months and this subsequently helps them to appear in the All India Trade Tests of Apprentices held in the months of April and October every year without any idol period between the completion date of training and the dates of All India Trade Tests. The establishment can recruit trade apprentices from either of the following categories 1. Passed out trainees of Industrial Training Institutes. 2. Freshers possessing minimum educational qualifications. BENEFITS TO WEAKER SECTIONS While recruiting apprentice employer has to ensure that scheduled castes/ scheduled tribes, minorities, physically handicapped and other weaker sections of the society get fair deal and are engaged as prescribed. CONTRACT OF APPRENTICESHIP Every person or if he/she is a minor his Guardian shall have to execute a contract of apprenticeship with employer in the prescribed form, which has to be registered with the concerned Apprenticeship Advisor. The Apprenticeship training will be imparted in pursuance of this contract. The employer and the apprentices shall carry out their obligations under this contract. If where the contract of apprentice is terminated through failure on the part of the employer to carry out the term of contract and condition ( as notified under apprenticeship rules 6), he shall pay to apprentice compensation as prescribed. In the event of premature termination of contract of apprentice for failure on the part of apprentice to carry out the term and condition of contract ( as notified under Apprenticeship Rule 1991 ). The surety at the request of apprentices hereby guarantor to the employer the payment of such amount as determined by the State Apprenticeship Advisor and towards the cost of training. The liability of surety is limited to amount equal to the three month stipend last drawn and with interest at 12% per annum. BASIC TRAINING AND RELATED INSTRUCTION The period of basic training is most of the cases is either one year or two years. Apprentices who have undergone institutional training of one or two years in I. T. Is are not required to under go basic training. The time to be spent on related instructions during this period is 7 hours/ week i.e. one day per week. Where an employer employs in his establishment to 250 or more workers the entire responsibility for imparting basic training to apprentices is the responsibility of the employer himself. In case an employer in his establishment less than 250 workers, he shall have to bear only 50 percent of the cost of the basic training, the other 50 percent is borne by the Government. As regards Related Instructions, it is imparted at the cost of Government. Employer is re-imbrued related instruction charges at the rate of Rs. 50 per apprentices per month, when he arranges to impart related instructions. SHOP FLOOR OR ON THE JOB TRAINING RELATED INSTRUCTIONS. The remaining period of Apprenticeship which in most of cases is one year or two years is on the job/shop floor training and it will be the entire responsibility of the responsibility of the employer whether he employs less than 250 workers in his establishment. Several employers may join together to form training-co-operatives for the purposes of providing on the job (practical) Training related instructions. Related Instructions will be imparted during this period also at the cost of the Government. The training will be according o the standards prescribed by the Government in consultation with the Central Apprenticeship Council or as laid down in the prescribed syllabi. OBILIGATION OF EMPLOYERS. The employer shall provide the apprentice with the training in the trade in accordance with the provisions of the Apprentices Act and the Rules made thereunder and in terms of the contract of Apprenticeship. If he is not himself qualified in the trade, he shall ensure that a duly qualified is placed in charge of the training of Apprentices. He shall look after the health, safety and welfare of Apprentices. If personal injury is caused to an apprentice by an accident arising out of in course of his training as an apprentices, his employer shall be liable to pay compensation in accordance with the provisions of the workmens compensation Act. An employer shall pay stipend to every apprentice during the entire period of apprenticeship training. The minimum rates of stipend are as follows :- First Year Rs. 820/- per month Second Year Rs 940/- per month Third Year Rs 1090/- per month Fourth Year Rs 1230/- per month Employer can pay any higher rates of stipend to attract better candidates . Apprentices shall not receive any Bonus or incentive money. Hostel accommodation if available may be provided to the Apprentices but this not obligatory under the Act. OBLIGATION OF APPRENTICE Every apprentice shall learn his trade conscientiously and diligently. He shall attend practical and related instruction classes regularly and shall carry out all lawful orders of his employers and superiors in the establishment. In the matter of conduct and discipline the apprentice shall be governed by the rules and regulations applicable to workers in the trade in the establishment. He will be a trainee and not a worker and shall not take part in any strike etc. He shall also carry out his obligations under the contract of Apprenticeship. HOURS OF WORK,LEAVE ETC. The weekly and daily hours of work of an apprenticeship shall not exceed the following:- Daily: Not more than 8 hours (includes the time spent on related instructions). Weekly : Total number of hours per week shall be 42 to 48 (including the time spent on related instructions. ) Trade apprentices during the third subsequent years of apprenticeship shall work for the same number of hours per week as the workers in the trade in the establishment in which the trade apprentice is undergoing apprenticeship training. No apprentice shall be engaged on training between the hours of 10 P. M and 6 A. M. or required to work overtime except with the prior approval of the Apprenticeship Advisor. An apprentice shall be entitled to have casual,/medical and extra-ordinary leave as per leave rules of the establishment. If no proper leave rules exist in the establishment the apprentice shall be entitled to total 37 days leave of different types i. e. casual 12 days, medical 15 days extra-ordinary 10 days. Grant of such leave shall be subject to the following conditions:- a)That every apprentice engaged in an establishment which works for 5 days in a week(with a total of 45 hours per week) shall put in minimum attendance of 200 days in a year out of which one sixth namely 33 days shall be devoted to related instructions and 167 days to practical training. b) That every apprentice engaged in an establishment which works for 5 1/2 days or 6 days in a week shall put in minimum attendance of 240 days in a year out of which one sixth namely 40 days shall be devoted to related instructions and 200 days to practical training. In case an apprentice could not put in minimum period of attendance or could not complete his essential part of training for circumstances beyond his control, his period of training could be extended for a period of up to six months under Apprenticeship Act rule 5(2). Employer has to continue to pay the stipend for the extended period of training. FINAL TRADE TEST At the end of their training the apprentices are trade tested by the National Council Of Vocational Training . These All India Trade Tests under the Apprentices Act 1961are held twice a year some time in April and October. Every apprentice who passes this test is awarded National Apprenticeship Certificate which has been recognized by the Central and State Governments for the purposes of appointments in subordinate posts and services. EMPLOYMENT ON COMPLETION OF APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING. It shall not be obligatory on the part of the employer to offer any employment to an apprentice nor shall it be obligatory on the part of the apprentice to accept an employment under the employer on successful completion of training unless it is specifically provided in the contract of Apprenticeship. SEAT ASSESD/ SEAT UTILISED AS ON 31. 12 . 2005 |S. NO. |SEAT ASSESD |SEAT UTILISED | | |PUBLIC SECTOR |PRIVATE SECTOR |TOTAL |PUBLIC SECTOR |PRIVATE SECTOR |TOTAL | |1. |2541 |2821 |5362 |1779 |1330 |3109 | The role of the chemical industry in the national VET framework Chemical companies take the following roles and initiatives as their commitments to the national vocational education system: a) To deliver basic and practical training for apprentices in the industry by the enterprise, with the whole cost borne by the enterprise; b). To appoint  the experts from these training centres as members of the curriculum committee at the national level to draft the curricula for the Craftsmen and Apprenticeship Training Programme; c) To appoint the experts from these training centres as examiners and paper setters for the Craftsmen, Apprenticeship and Instructor Training Programmes; and d) To appoint the experts from the training centres as members of advisory committees, such as the Central Apprenticeship Council, the NCVT, the State Apprenticeship e) Council and the SCVT, as well as advisory committees of ITIs and ATIs. The companies on their own fund their in-house and external training programmes for their employees. Liberalization of the Indian chemical market and VET When liberalization hit the Indian chemical industry in the early 1990s, most of the chemical companies – regardless of the number of employees – were affected by a massive drive of cost reduction due to increased competition stemming from globalization. Before liberalization arrived in the chemical industry, the Government of India devised protective schemes to protect its industry and domestic market. In fact, the chemical industry was one of the major forces urging the Government to take protective measures. The rationale was that if the industry were not protected, it would have been wiped out, causing a loss to India’s exchequer. Under the protected market, chemical companies produced only enough to make minimum profits. The Government restricted the production capacity through corporate licensing. Hence, there was no incentive for chemical companies to improve the quality of product, reduce production cost or replace outdated machines and equipment with state-of the- art high-tech production systems. Improving workers’ skills in order to increase productivity had been barely considered. Once workers were employed by chemical companies, they received initial training but nothing further. Liberalization and the substantial reduction of customs tariffs in 1991 due to globalization shocked the manufacturing sector, in particular the chemical industry. Globalization resulted in the closing down of many small and medium-sized chemical firms in India. To cope with emerging globalization, chemical companies needed to change their business manners and business practices. Cost-cutting was the only way for them to survive in a keenly competitive globalized market. Chemical companies also took drastic measures to reduce workers as an inst.