Role Of Armed Forces During Disaster Relief

lineament Of Armed compresss During misadventure respite1. Although the man has made extensive progress in his comparatively short existence on earth, he is still virtually lost(p) in front of vagaries of disposition. Natural adventures much(prenominal) as cycl mavins, flood and quakes emaciate mans domain at go away and cause much loss to bread and butter sentence and property. Despite every atomic number 53s concern for chances and technological festerings in the world, the reply to haps has been knee thumb and uncoordinated at inter state of matteral, national and earth directs. The problem is more neat in developing countries rather than in developed sensations. The United Nations and its specialize agencies allow always had an interest in and commitment to misadventure suspension. thitherfore, in that respect argon heterogeneous hazard reserve, activeness, prevention and mitigation programmes being carried expose by discordant United Nations Org anisations1.2. The trend of occurrence of accidents is increasing and go away escalate in future. adventures like tsunamis and seisms, which yield been the most destructive, along with the floods and droughts that stick up from extreme endure conditions, atomic number 18 expected to get worse callable to adverse impact of climate change. In the 21st century, the 2001 Bhuj earthquake the 2004 tsunami the 2005 earthquake in Kashmir heavy rainfall in Mumbai in 2006 when nearly 1 m rain fell in a single daytime the 2008 Bihar Kosi catastrophe the August 2010 cloud burst in Leh and, most recently, the folk 2011 Sikkim earthquake take a shit seen the arm forces as first acters2.3. In Indian context it is unlikely that the topical anaesthetic anesthetic polished administration will have the resources available immediately to deal with a major disaster such as the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 or the Tsunami of 2004. Therefore, it is essential that the affirm establishments prep ar detail disaster vigilance proposes and keep the resources in terms of men and material ready for use at short notice. There is a need for civil administration at the district and tell apart levels to excogitate disaster easiness cells with a pool of reserve. At stupefy due to the inability of local administration to deal with innate calamities, build up forces atomic number 18 invariably employed for disaster sculptural support.4. In spite of disruption of communications and the absence seizure of a major military efficacy of troops and resources, the response of the build up forces has always been prompt and won the respect of all concerned. The spine and strength of the Armed forces vis--vis civil organisations has been the sense of discipline, training to serve to orders, adaptability, unselfish dedication to the cause, genuine concern and focused action. These factors have always resulted in mevery individuals and NGOs wanting to r disc overe assistance through the Armed forces. comprehend the good work being done by the Armed forces, the political relation organisations, NGOs and civil agencies then join in the relief effort. This sacrifices a genius of cooperation. The mere presence of Armed forces troops instils a sense of certificate and gives solace to the affected people3. happening resolution Activities5. tragedy vigilance, which involves judgement and response, piece of ass be seen in non-homogeneous activities. The following are respective(a) activities of emergency response.Warning.oceanrch and Rescue.Evacuation and Migration.Response and Relief.Logistics and Supply.Communication and Information forethought.Rehabilitation.Post- incident mind4.6. Natural calamities impart lessons at a huge greet of life and property. But if these lessons do not lead us to learning, then the cost will seem even heavier. At the time recurrence of disaster, the misfortune to learn from the previous incidents hu rts the most. The massive earthquake in Gujarat and the subsequent nut house were indicators of how important prior planning is in managing relief and rehabilitation during various disasters. The Kutchh region infallible massive immediate assistance , however civil administration was unprepared for such crisis. Indian armed forces were employed for the relief from the begining. This made the need for a proper disaster mitigation plan very apparent. Learning from experience is essential in building a knowledge resource which would help in being better prepared in the future. CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGY1. Hypothesis. A common thread in a landed estates response to disaster situation is military foul to civilian regimen. India disaster relief mechanism in the establish form lacks the required synergy between civil and military organisations to facilitate a synergised response.2. educational activity of Problem. The civil administration often falls back on the armed forces for assistanc e in crisis situations. Efficient disaster commission mechanism, therefore, should incorporate the armed forces at distributively stage. The formulated plans should specify the assistance likely to be required in disaster situations. The most efficient system will be to have seamless integration in operations, with an aim of essence competency areas of each establishment giving its best in to the lowest degree time. The aim of the study is to examine the disaster relief mechanism brisk in the uncouth and analyze the interplay of various organizations in handling the disaster situation.Justification for the Study3. oer the past few years, the governing has introduced a paradigm shift in the progress to disasters. Corner stone of this approach is the realisation that disaster prudence has to be multi-disciplinary and spanning across all the sectors of development. As calamities evoke extraordinary response, the civil authoritys reliance on the Armed pull ups has as well eve r increased. Due to their quick response, Armed forces have become a mantra in the hands of the defer to respond to such calamities spanning from Law and send problems to large scale disasters. Despite our country being extremely penetrable and prone to natural calamities, no detailed hazard and vulnerability assessments have been carried out either at the call down or the interior(a) level5.4. Is the country adequately prepared with infrastructure and strategy against various natural disasters? There are differences of opinion on this issue. According to some, there are certain limitations, but overall, the country is well equipped. Others, however point out that the country does not have detailed vulnerability assessments, forcing it to only respond to calamities and organise reconstruction6. It is in this context that this study assumes greater importance. It will analyse various facets of disaster preparedness, evaluate existing structures for disasters management and gear up forward its recommendations.5. For the purpose of this study disasters related to war, civil disturbance and decompress disasters (Like crop failure, famine etc) will be kept out. Natural disasters (Like floods, earthquake etc) and the response of armed forces in fortune civil administration would be the focus of the study. The study is basically confined to the image of Armed forces, to imply Air overstretch and Navy in providing assistance to the civil political sympathies activity in all natural calamities.6. Method of Data Collection. Data and discipline has been collected from Military Papers, periodicals, newspapers and books. hap management setup of the country has been derived from NDMA 2005 Ministry of plateful Affairs documents on disaster management.7. Organisation of the Dissertation. The re assay paper is cover at a lower place the following Chapters -(a) Introduction.(b) Methodology.(c) matter insurance policy on disaster management.(d) mathematical bunk of armed forces.(e) International disaster relief system.(f) Current concerns and recommendations.CHAPTER III home(a) POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENTAs of now, the government has no concrete disaster management policy. Many disasters are first created by us and then crores of rupees are spent on return and relief operations. The government should focus more on a sustainable clay sculpture of development which can suspend disasters.S to a lower place Lal Bhauguna1. Evolution of Disaster perplexity in India. Disaster management in India has evolved from an activity-based reactive setup to a proactive institutionalized structure from single faculty domain to a multi-stakeholder setup and from a relief-based approach to a multi-dimensional pro-active holistic approach for trim polish risk. The beginnings of an institutional structure for disaster management can be traced to the British period following the series of disasters such as famines of 1900, 1905, 1907 1943, and the B ihar-Nepal earthquake of 1937. Over the past century, the disaster management in India has undergone substantive changes in its composition, nature and policy7.2. Emergence of Institutional Arrangement in India. A abiding and institutionalised setup began in the go of 1990s with set up of a disaster management cell under the Ministry of Agriculture, following the closure of the decade of1990 as the International Decade of Natural Disaster reduction (IDNDR) by the UN General Assembly. Following series of disasters such as Latur quake (1993), Malpa Landslide (1994),Orissa Super Cyclone (1999)and Bhuj Earthquake (2001), a high powered mission under the Chairmanship of Mr. J.C. Pant, secretaire, Ministry of Agriculture was make up for bringing up a systematic, all-round(prenominal) and holistic approach towards disasters8. There was a shift in policy from an approach of relief through financial aid to a holistic one for predicting disaster management. Consequently, the disas ter management division was shifted under the Ministry of bag Affairs in 2002 and a hierarchical structure for disaster management evolved in India2.Organisation and Structure of Disaster Management3. Disaster management division is headed by Joint escritoire in ministry of home affairs, who is assisted by three Directors, Under Secretaries, Section Officers, Technical Officer, Senior economical Investigator consultants and different supporting staff. The upper echelon of the structure withal consists of secretarial assistant (Border Management), Home Secretary, Minister of dry land in charge and the Home Minister.4. slip from the relief and response mode, disaster management structure in India started to address the issues of early warning systems, prognostication and monitor setup for various weather related hazards. A structure for flow of breeding, in the form of warnings, alerts and updates about(predicate) the oncoming hazard, in accompaniment emerged in this fram ework. A high powered meeting was setup by involving representatives of different ministries and departments. just about of these ministries were also designated as nodal politics for specific disasters3.Disaster Management Act, 20055. This Act wills for the trenchant management of disasters in the country. NDMA provides institutional mechanisms for formulating and monitoring the death penalty of the disaster management. It also ensures measures by the various branches of the Government for prevention and mitigation of disasters and prompt response during any disaster situation. The Act provides for setting up of bailiwick Disaster Management consent under Chairmanship of the thrill Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities under the Chairmanship of the Chief Ministers, zone Disaster Management Authorities under the Chairmanship of Collectors/District Magistrates/ replacement Commissioners.6. The Act except provides for the fundamental law of different Executive c ommission at national and state levels. Under its aegis, the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) for capacity building and National Disaster Response perpetrate (NDRF) for response purpose have been set up. It also mandates the concerned Ministries and Departments to draw up their own plans in accordance with the National image. The Act further contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as creation of bills for response, National Disaster Mitigation stock certificate and similar funds at the state and district levels for the purpose of disaster management. The Act also provides specific roles to local bodies in disaster management4.National Level Institutions7. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was initially constituted on May 30, 2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister. The NDMA has been mandated with laying down policies on disaster management and guidelines which would be followed by different ministries, departments of central government and state government in victorious measures for disaster risk reduction. It has also laid down guidelines to be followed by the state government authorities in swig up the State Plans and to take such measures for the management of disasters, Details of these responsibilities are given as under -(a) Lay down policies on disaster management.(b) Approve the National Plan.(c) Approve plans prepared by various ministries or departments of the government of India in accordance with the National Plan for disaster management.(d) Lay down guidelines for the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan.(e) Lay down guidelines for the different ministries or departments of the government for the purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disasters and the mitigation of their effects in their development plans projects.(f) Coordinate the implementation of the policy and plan for disaster management within the country.(g) Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of disaster mitigation.(h) Provide support to other countries affected by disasters on the recommendation of Central Government.(j) befool other measures for the prevention of disaster, mitigation, preparedness and capacity building for dealing with the disaster situation .(k) Lay down policies and guidelines for functioning of the National Institute for Disaster Management9.8. Composition of NDMA. Besides the nine members nominated by the Prime Minister, Chairperson of the Authority, the Organisational structure consists of a Secretary and tailfin dollar bill Joint Secretaries including one Financial Advisor. There are 10 posts of Joint Advisors and Directors, 14 accessory Advisors, Under Secretaries and Assistant Financial Advisor and Duty Officer along with supporting staff10.9. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA). The Disaster Management Act, 2005 provides for constitution of SDMAs in all the states and UTs. The Act envisag es establishment of State Executive delegation, to be headed by Chief Secretary of the state Government with tetrad other Secretaries of such departments as the state Government may think fit. It has the responsibility for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the National Policy, the National Plan and the State Plan.10. District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA). NDMA provides for constitution of DDMA for every district of a state. The District Magistrate/ District Collector/Deputy Commissioner heads the Authority as Chairperson as well an elected representative of the local authority as Co-Chairperson. The District Authority is responsible for planning, coordination and implementation of disaster management and to take such measures for disaster management as provided in the guidelines. The District Authority also has the power to examine the construction in any area in the district to enforce the safety standards and also to arrange for relief measures and respo nd to the disaster at the district level.11. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM). In the backdrop of the International decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), a National centre of disaster management has been established at the Indian Institute for Public organization in 1995. The Centre was subsequently upgraded and designated as the National Institute of Disaster management on 16th October 2003. Disaster management act, 2005 entrusts the institute with various responsibilities, such as to develop the training modules, press re expect and financial backing for disaster management, organise the training programmes, organise study courses, conferences, and seminars to promote disaster management. It is also responsible for publication of journals, research papers and books on disaster management11.12. National Disaster Response Force. The National Disaster Response Force has been constituted under Disaster management act, 2005 by up- pace/ alteration of octette standard battalions of central para military forces i.e. devil battalions each from Border Security Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Central Industrial Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force to build them up as a specialist force to respond to disaster or disaster like situations.13. The eight battalions of NDRF consist of 144 specialised teams instruct in various types of natural, manmade and non-natural disasters.72 of such teams are designed to cater to the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear(CBRN) calamities besides natural calamities. Each NDRF battalion consists of 1149 personnel organised in 18 teams comprising of 45 personnel, who are being equipped and trained for rendering effective response to any disaster situation, both natural and manmade. All these eight battalions are being trained in natural disasters while quartette of them are being supernumeraryly trained for handling CBRN disasters. Based on vulnerability profile of different regions of the country, these specialist battalions have been presently stationed at the following eight places-Bhatinda.Gr. Noida.Vadodara.Pune (talegaon).Bhubaneshwar (mundali).Kolkata.Guwahati.Patna.Chennai (Arakkonam).1214. The Government of India has approved the raising of two additional battalions of National Disaster Response Force by up gradation and conversion of one battalion each of Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force to be located in the states of Bihar (Bihata, Patna) and Andhra Pradesh (Vijaywada) respectively. The administrative approval for raising the two battalions was issued on 13-10- 201013.15. State Disaster Response Force. The states/UTs have also been advised to set up their medical specialist Response Force for responding to disasters on the lines of National Disaster Response Force by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Central Government is providing assistance for training of trainers. The state governments have been also advised to utilise 10 per cent of their State Disaster Response storehouse and Capacity Building Grant for procuring the search and rescue equipment and for training purposes of the Response Force14.Civil defence reaction16. Role of Civil Defence. During times of emergencies, the CD organisation has the vital role of mobilising the citizens and helping civil administration for saving life and property, minimising damage, and raising public morale. 225 towns have been nominated as CD towns.17. Each town has nucleus of four Permanent Staff along with cd CD Volunteers for a two lakh nation. It is expected that each state will have one CD Training Institute with permanent strength of 36 personnel, five vehicles and other equipments. The District Magistrate is designated as a Controller for CD Towns. The present strength of CD volunteers is 5.72 lakhs, out of which 5.11 lakhs are already trained. The target strength of CD volunteers has been fixed at 13 lakhs based on the population of CD towns as per 2001 ce nsus15.National Crisis Management18. For effective implementation of necessary relief measures in the wake of a natural disaster, the console table has established a Committee. On the constitution of this committee of the cabinet, the concerned Secretary will provide all the necessary information and data to and set about directions of the cabinet committee in all the matters concerning disaster relief. In the absence of this cabinet Committee, all matters relating to disaster relief will be inform to the Cabinet Secretary.19. National Crisis Management Committee. A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) has been constituted in the Cabinet Secretariat. The composition of the Committee is as under16-(a) Cabinet Secretary Chairman.(b) Secretary to Prime Minister Member.(c) Secretary (MHA) Member.(d) Secretary (MOD) Member.(e) Director (IB) Member.(f) Secretary (RAW) Member.(g) Secretary (Agriculture) Co-opted Member.(h) An Officer of Cabinet Secretariat Convener.20. Ca lamities Relief Fund. The government has earmarked two funds i.e. Calamities Relief Fund and National Fund for Calamities. The nodal business office for recommending release of these two funds is the Crisis Management Group in the Ministry of Agriculture, which is headed by Central Relief Commissioner. The allocation for the all the states under these funds is done by the Finance Commission for a duration of five years, based on the vulnerability of the states to Natural calamities and average expenditure. National Fund for Calamities is additional fund besides Calamities Relief Fund while 75 percent of CRF is contributed by the centre, the allocation under National Fund for Calamities is but by the centre and more or less discretionary17. foretell Warning21. Forecasting about climate change is pre requisite for taking preparedness measure to respond to the disaster is the most important divisor of disaster management. The Ministry of Environment Forest , Ministry of Earth Sci ences , Ministry of Science Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of tender Resource Development, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy, Defence Research Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Indian piazza Research Organization and Indian Meteorological Department promote and undertake climate and climate change related research in the country18.(a) cash machine Watch Stations. A network of 10 Global Atmosphere Watch Stations consisting of Allahabad, Jodhpur, Kodaikanal, Minicoy, Mohanbari, Port Blair, Pune, Nagpur, Srinagar and Vishakhapatnam, is maintained by IMD as per WMO protocols and standards since 1974 to generate data and information on the exchange of trace materials between the aura and the earths surface, making atmospheric turbidity and air quality measurements to quantify trends and dit rain threats.(b) Atmospheric monitoring. There are 25 types of atmospheric monitoring networks t hat are operated and coordinated by the IMD. This includes meteorological, climatologically, environment, air pollution and other specialized observation of atmospheric trace constituents.(c) Cyclone Warning. The IMD has established an observation network for sight cyclones through 10 cyclone detection radars along the borders. The detection range of these radars is 400 km. INSAT-1B satellite also monitors cyclonic movements. Ships and commercial radars are also apply for cyclonic warnings. About 260 merchant ships have meteorological observation systems.(d) fill up Forecast. The Ministry of water resources has an effective flood forecast system with 157 flood forecasting centres covering 62 river basins. Along with IMD, they monitor rainfall water levels in the reservoirs. India has also developed radars which give accurate estimate of rainfall up to 200 km around the radar site.(e) Tsunami warning. Post tsunami dated twenty-sixth December, 2004, Ministry of Earth Sciences ha s established the Indian National Tsunami Warning System at Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad. The Tsunami earlier Warning System (TEWS) was made operational on 15th Oct 2007. This agency has developed a protocol for issue for Tsunami Watch, Alert and Warnings. The Centre gives information to all responders about the origin, time, location of the epicentre, magnitude and depth of an earthquake inwardly the ocean and accordingly issues bulletins.(f) go down Warning. DRDOs network of more than fifty laboratories is deeply engaged in developing Defence technologies. Centre for Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) is one of the laboratories of the DRDO located at Chandigarh with its primary function to do research in the field of snow and descends and to provide avalanche control measures and forecasting support to Armed forces.Role of Voluntary Organisations22. The role of voluntary organisations is to help people overcome the proble ms created by natural calamities by providing relief services to the people. They also works as the eyes and ears by acting as the intermediary between the masses and the government agencies to avoid duplication, ensure proper distribution of resources and organise vigilance groups for preventing of misuse of resources.23. Some of the activities under taken by voluntary organisations are-(a) Establishing free regimen distribution centres, distributing blankets, clothes and medicines to prevent epidemics.(b) Organising necessary relief camps, first aid centres, and immunisation camps.(c) Organisation relief teams and sending them to far-flung affected areas to provide relief and monitor relief programmes.(d) Organising awareness programmes about different relief activities initiated by Government and Non Government Organisations.(e) Generating employment opportunities in the affected areas.(f) borrowing of families of the affected areas.CHAPTER IVROLE OF ARMED FORCES1. The armed fo rces of any nation are probably best organised to provide support for establishing a various of public services like public works, communications, transport, medical services, search rescue, and support activities. They are able to react quickly in a self contained, self sufficient and mobile fashion. Armed forces personnel are well trained in the skills necessary to perform their professional activities and can function under an integrated / flexible management system. So there is an enormous potential inherent in them to provide enormous capability to restore emergency services.2. During the natural calamities, when many parts of the country are affected by them and it is beyond the capability of local administration to organise the rescue and relief, armed forces may be called upon to provide / organise relief measures. Armed Forces may also be called upon to provide assistance to other friendly countries, in case this has been requested for. One such deterrent example is that of Bangladesh. In 1991, when it was hit by worst cyclone in the history of the country the US armed forces, carried out relief operations19. In addition Indian Air Force also sent six helicopters for airlifting relief material to the affected areas.3. Each year Armed Forces are called upon on several occasions for rendering assistance to civil administration passim the nation during monsoon season for providing rescue and relief during the floods. The role of the armed forces during relief, rescue operations after Uttarkashi earthquake, Latur earthquake in Maharashtra, Chamoli earthquake and Floods in Orissa are well known.4. Assistance Provided by Armed Forces. The Armed Forces may be called upon to render following type of assistance during natural calamities20-(a) Infrastructure for restrain and Control.(b) Medical Aid.(c) Transportation of Relief Material.(d) Establishment of Relief Camps.(e) Construction and resuscitate of Roads and Bridges.(f) Maintenance of Essential Servi ces.(g) Evacuation of People to Safer Areas.(h) Stage management of International Relief.5. Since the civil administration remains ill equipped for initiate quick response to major disasters, the armed forces has been the primary option. As one of the most dedicated, professional, and modern armed forces in the world, the Indian armed forces respond to any disastrous situation with all their might. It is due to their technical competence, trained manpower, and logistical capabilities that they are always ready to rapidly undertake any kind of disaster-related rescue and relief operations.6. They are also located in most remote areas where natural calamities are frequent. For instance, when the tsunami hit the Indian coast on December 26, 2004, the Indian armed forces, co-coordinated by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS), efficiently handled relief, rescue, and evacuation work under Operation Sea Wave, including extending aid to Sri Lanka and Maldives under Operation Rainbow and Ope ration Castor, respectively.7. Whether, it was the Kashmir earthquake of 2005, the tropical cyclone in Bangladesh in, 2007, the fire at Burrabazar in Kolkata in 2008, the serial blasts at Bangalore and Ahmedabad in 2008, or the Mumbai attack of November 2008, the roles played by the armed forces are numerous. In August 2010, when Leh, was hit by flash floods which killed many people and left wing many other injured, the Indian Armed forcess resp