History of Animation

History of life storyHistorical Perspective portalThis section in my dissertation foc intentions not on the history of liveliness per se still on the evolution and progress of aliveness in blasts and in foundericular remainsmation which is angiotensin-converting enzyme form of exclude- motility life force.The desire to animate is as old as art itself. Animation is a form of scene magic with its origins in art form. The early examples argon still drawings, order in Palaeolithic cave paintings depicting animals with multiple launchs of legs in place positions, that attempted to convey the fantasy of movement. plot of land much(prenominal) images came to life with fairy tales and folk lore, it was only during the 19th century -when inventions were drive to puzzle motion picture- that stir pictures became a trustworthy possibility.A live -action fill and an enliven take on argon different beca usance the live -action camearned run av termge captures a scene movi ng in real time, automatic onlyy freezing into reprint still pictures that can then be communicate on to a screen. In an keep celluloid, the animator, on the contrary, can not scoot anything until and unless he/ she creates through and through drawings(2D verve) or models (3 D support) or computer imagery either single reference system of a choose from scratch. While keep is definitely a highly creative specialty, it entails time-consuming processes for an animator who should pitch vision, cartel in the concept and creation, abundant patience and capacity for sustained efforts.THE DEVICESThe increment of inventions from crude form to highly technical gadget has played a key role in evolution of energy over the geezerhood.The earliest device to create an image of a moving picture is know as Zoetrope, invented in China around 180 AD. The modernistic daylight zoetrope contraption was produced in 1834 by go come to the foreiam George Horner and is considered to b e the beginning of the vivification devices. The device is basically a cylinder with vertical slits around the sides. Around the intimate edge of the cylinder there be a serial of pictures on the opposite side to the slits. As the cylinder is spun, the practiser then looks through the slits producing the illusion of motion. Actually, even in present day living classes for the beginners, the Zoetrope is world employ to explain the early concepts of animateness.The magic lantern, believed to lay down originated from China in the 16th century, is the precursor to the modern day projector. It consisted of a translucent anoint painting and a simple lamp. When put together in a darkened room, the image would appear larger on a flat tire surface. The most significant early day vital force device was Phenakistoscope (1831) disc, invented concurrently by the Belgian Joseph Plateau and the Austrian Simon von Stampfer. The photographic sequence experiments make by English-born American Eadweard Muybridge in 1872, victimization 24 still cameras ensn atomic number 18 up along side horse race track, have been of c atomic number 18 to later generation of animators.The animated film took a major tint thanks to a sophisticated var. of Zoetrope, known as Praxinoscope, invented by French scientist Charles-mile Reynaud in 1877, a painter of lantern-slides. It apply the a comparable basic mechanism of a strip of images placed on the within of a spinning cylinder, but instead of viewing it through slits, it was viewed in a series of small, stationary mirrors around the inside of the cylinder, so that the keep would stay in place, and provide a cle ber image and better quality. afterward fifteen years of hard hold up, Reynaud also dampened a larger version of the praxinoscope, an keep system using loops of 12 pictures, that could be projected onto a screen, called the Thtre Optique, origin demonstrated at the Musee Grevin, Paris in 1892, comprising 500 pictures on a transparent strip of gelatin. This was the first liveness film entitled Pantomimes Lumineuses which lasted up to fifteen minutes. Reynauds films were simple tales mainly bear on with love and rivalry. Reynaud apply drawings rather than photographic images, and any subsequent animated film using line living -from Felix the Cat and Micky Mouse to the Rugrats and the Simpsons -is a successor to the moving pictures that he created.Flip Book, patented in 1868 by a John Barns Linnet, was other development that brought us closer to modern animation. The Flip Book creates the illusion of motion through a tempered of sequential pictures bald-facedped at a high speed. The Mutoscope (1894) is basically a flip book in a box with a crank dispense to flip the pages. 1919 marked the invention of rotoscope.While Emile Reynaud, showed the first animated film using his Theatre Optique system in 1982, three years later, both French brothers, Auguste and Louis Lumiere, presented the first authentic demonstration of what we now think of as cinema. Lumiere Brothers characters were images of real people and hence overshadowed the Emile Reynauds presentations of moving drawings.Humorous Phases of Funny Faces do by J. Stuart Blackton in 1906, featuring a cartoonist drawing faces on a chalkboard, and the faces simply coming to life, can be termed as the first animated work on standard picture film. This film was released by Vitagraph. dickens years later, the French director mile Cohl (also called mile Courtet), created Fantasmagorie which was screened for the first time on August 17, 1908 at Theatre du Gymnase in Paris. It was mile Cohl who relocated to new-fangled York City in 1912, spread its technique in the US. Though these animations were rudimentary, Gertie the Dinosaur in 1914 and Koko the Clown in 1919 by Max Fleischer, considered as classics, stepped up the gradation of animation films in unfathomed movie era in USA.The pulchritudinous Lukanida released in 1912 and conceived by the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz (later known as Ladislas Starevich) gets the honour of cosmos the first puppet animation film. Neither this film, nor the first animated take film -El Apstol, made in 1917 by Quirino Cristiani from Argentina as healthy as his two other animated feature films, including 1931s Peludopolis, the first to use synchronized sound, have survived the present day. The silhouette-animated Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926) tell by German Lotte Reiniger and French/Hungarian Berthold Bartosch is one of the earliest-surviving animated feature. This film utilise colour-tinted scenes, perhaps for the first time.The list of other animated films during the silent era taked the following filmsGertie the Dinosaur made by Winsor Mccay in 1914, The Sinking of the Lusitania in 1918, Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend in 1921 by John Randolph mash who rediscovered around of McCays techniques, The Dinosaur and the Missing Lin k by Willis OBrien in 1915, the first cartoon super star Felix the Cat in 1919 and The Lost World , a stop motion marvel made in 1925. This was followed by the famous Aesops mental picture Fables during 1921-1929 created by Paul Terry, released by Van Beuren studio apartments.Initially, Walt Disney also made silent cartoons like Laugh-o-Grams, Alice Comedies, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and Mickey Mouse. Other significant silent era series were Heeza Liar, Mutt and Jeff, Krazy Kat, Bobby Bumps etc.The leading light production houses during this pointedness were Barre Studio, Bray Productions, Barre-Bowers Studio The Bray Studios was the first and foremost cartoon studio, ho utilize in New York City- Many budding cartoonists like Paul Terry of right on Mouse fame, Max Fleischer of Betty Boop fame, and Walter Lantz of Woody Woodpecker fame, all statrted their career in this studio.The cartoon studio was establish in Circa during 1915-1928. Farmer Alfalfa by Paul Terry and Bobby Bump s by Earl Hurd were soundspring known cartoons produced by the Bray studios. Fleischer Studios, set up by Max and Dave Fleischer created the Koko the Clown, Out of the Inkwell, and Sound Car-Tunes series. In addition, this era also saw distributors of animated films such as Margaret J. Winkler, Charles Mintz, educational Pictures, Red Seal Pictures, and Bijou Films.Although 1930s witnessed a few more animated feature films, Walt Disneys Snow uncontaminating and the Seven Dwarfs released in 1937 is deemed to be the first animated feature film with sound effects. It could be because Snow White became successful and well-known within the English-speaking world. The first animation to use the full, three-color Technicolor method was Flowers and Trees (1932) made by Disney Studios which won an academy award for this work. We are all aware how Walt Disney dominated throughout the 1930s, through revolutionary cartoons kooky Symphonies, Mickey Mouse, and Donald Duck.The 1930s, termed as the Golden Era in USA animation also witnessed the emergence of big studios qualification animation films like Warner Bros, MGM and The Fleischer Studios with their creations like Betty Boop and Popeye cartoons.Following the golden Age of American animation (1920s through 1950s), animation evolved at a more hectic pace during the television era i.e. 1950s through 1980s. During this period, the theatrical cartoons and feature films declined to some extent. Hanna-Barbara productions did dominate this flesh with their TV animated series. Then we saw the emergence of morning cartoons on week ends, adult animation in the 70s, and a slew of mercenary cartoons in the 1980s.The present day animation (1980s onwards) boasts of mind boggling creations most of which are futuristic in concept such as Who Framed Roger Rabbit, the Disney renascence and Steven Spielbergs collaborations with Warner Bros like ET, Jurasic Park etc. The Simpsons is one of the most successful series that revived th e adult-oriented animation. The other series of this genre is Cartoons Networks late night animation show Adult Swim. Many studios all over the world have joined the bandwagon of making animation films for world wide distribution. The rise of CGI, increase popularity of Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and the Anime explosion which is mainstream version of Japanese animation toy the current scenario in animation.HISTORY OF STOP -MOTION CLAYMATIONStop motion and cel animation are two basic techniques in handed-down animation. Stop motion animation, is used for many animation productions using physical objects rather than images of people, as with tralatitious animation. An object go forth be photographed, moved slightly, and then photographed over again. When the pictures are played back in normal speed the object will appear to move by itself.Clay animation is one the forms of stop-motion animation. It is the animation of remains models made preferably of plasticine clay. Produc ing stop-motion animation using clay /plasticine clay is a time consuming and labour intensive process. That is because, to produce a 30 minute stop motion animation movie using clay models, approximately 21,600 times one has to stop to change the figures for the frames. In the case of feature-length films, in addition to clay, rubber silicone and resin-cast components are used to create models. The term Claymation is a registered trade mark in USA, registered by Will Vinton, the greatest pioneer in clay animation. Though foamation, moment use of foam-rubber process, invented by Will Vinton has found a place in stop motion animation films, it is clay which is the preferred material to establish about aesthetic effect as well. A variant to claymation is the clay melting used in Will Vintons film Closed Mondays.While there are several forms of clay animation, the notable few areFreeform claymation represents a process wherein the shape of the clay changes significantly as the animat ion progresses, as exemplified in the films of Eliot Noyes Jr and Ivan Stang.Character Clay animation maintains a identifiable character throughout the shot as in Art Clokeys and Will Vintons works.The Strata -cut animation entails long bread like loaf of clay jam-packed with varying figures/ images, which is sliced into thin sheets with the camera taking a frame of the end of loaf for each cut as a dissolvent of which one could eventually see the movements of internal images within. This technique was pioneered by the German animator Oskar Fischinger during 1920s and 1930s subsequently upgraded by David Daniels in mid-90s as seen in his film Buzz Box.Clay painting is termed as other form of claymation. This process requires clay to be placed on a flat surface and moved like wet oil paints. This technique results in a seamless merger of stop motion and traditional flat animation.Early films using stop-motion were the clasic Chicken Run and Wallace and Gromit, and later The incu bus Before Christmas and James and the Giant Peach. Sometimes even objects are used, such as with the films of Jan vankmajer.Stop motion animation was also commonly used for special effects work in many live-action films, such as the 1933 version of King Kong and The 7th Voyage of Sinbad.It was in 1920s, though eighter from Decatur years earlier Edison Manufacturing released a clay animated trick film called The Sculptors Welsh Rarebit Dream, the clay animation films using either cels or the slash system became the dominant mode in animation film production. Although the cel method was preferred for cartoon films by the studios, clay animation was the medium in the well known film called Modelling produced by Fleischer Studio in 1921. Joan Gratz, won academy nomination for her clay animation films inception (1980) and won the Oscar for yet another film Mona Lisa descending a footstep Case made in 1982. Craig Barlett, another Vinton animator was known for transmutation in clay ani mation used in his series of minuscule films Arnold in the mid 90s. Charles Bowers a comedian with great talent in animation made many bizarre films in the 1920s trust stop-motion animation and comedy.Academy Award winning short films such as Closed Mondays made by Will Vinton and Bob Gardiner in 1974, The horse sense Castle(1977) and Creature Comforts , produced by Aardman Studios in 1989 and all four Wallace Gromit films created by Nick Park of Arrdman Animation and last but the least The Presentators again filmed by Aardman Animation are typical claymation films.Clay animation has been creatively employed in several computer games as well viz. The Neverhood, Clay Fighter, Patypus, Primal Rage. Besides TV commercials such as Chevron Cars, childrens shows in the electronic media in the recent times are dominated by clay animation techniques which are often seen on Cartoon Network. Computer graphic image of clay animation is presented in a film called Flushed Away.COMPUTER -GE NERATED IMAGERY CGI What has caused a real revolution in animation industry is the Computer -generated imagery- abbreviated as CGI. It is significantly different from traditional animation because the drawings (known as 2D animation) in traditional animation gave way to 3D Modeling which is the virtual version of stop-motion. CGI combines these two forms of animation through computer aided animation but on 2D Computer drawing. CGI is as tedious as the traditional animation and many of the underlying principles of traditional animation are used albeit through computer aided software programmes. While the playback feature creating an illusion is true of all moving images (from zoetrope to films to moving picturegames), the techniques involved in creating CGI are loosely removed from a frame-by-frame process. Most of the characters employed in CGI films are based on animal characters, monsters, machines or cartoon-like humans. The latest rend is to create realistic-looking humans. The notable animation films of this genre are Films are Final Fantasy The animate Within in 2001, Final Fantasy Advent Children in 2005, The polar Express in 2004, and Beowulf in 2007. The constraint in this method of animation is to create the nuances and details of a living person if one has to make a realistic CG character in particular, to synchronise the movement of the haircloth and clothing with the animated human character.CEL-SHADED ANIMATIONCel shading is a image of rendering, known as non photorealistic rendering, to make computer graphics appear to be hand-drawn. A recent development and a comples process, this is generally applied to simulate the style of a comic book or cartoon. The console video games use cel- shaded animation in addition to computer graphics. The material used in cel- shaded animation is the clear sheets of acetate , called cels. Some animators consider Cel -shaded animation as 2.5 D form of animation, a via media between 2D and 3D animation. It wa s only the console video games which shows the true real-time cel-shading as seen in Segas Jet Set Radio launched in 2000 for their Dreamcast console. This style of animation was used in Freedom Project in 2006.ANIMATION IN INDIAAs in the western countries, the roots of animation in India are in Indian Cinema. In the early 20s, Dadasaheb Phalke, arguably one of the founders of Indian Cinema, in whose name a prestigious award has been instituted to honour every year outstanding component part in the field of cinema, gibe sticks and a stop-motion camera to create a short film which was regrettably not distributed for public viewing. After a lot of struggle, he succeeded in making a stop motion film The Growth of A Pea Plant in 1912, marking the beginning of animation in films in India. However, the first animation film ever released in a theater was The Pea Brothers produced by New Theatres Limited, and directed by Gunamoy Banerjee, and released on June 23, 1934. It took nearly sev enteen years to produce the next animation film called Jumbo The Fox coming from Ranjit Movietone and released in 1951. In the same year, another animation from New Theatres, Michke Potash, directed by Bhaktaram Mitra was released. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India set up a Cartoon Film Unit as part of its Filns Division to promote animation films. This unit produced in 1956 Radha and Krishna, a 22 minute film based on cel animation, directed by J.S. Bhownagary. It is believed that camera movements over the miniature paintings of Indian art were employed to create the animation. This film won prestigious awards in internationalist Film Festival held in Berlin. Films Division had a team of animators like Kantilal Rathore, Pramod Pati, G.K. Godbole, and V.G. Samant, along with swot Mohan, Bhimsain, Satam, Suresh Nayek. A film which impacted animation in India was Kalpana, made in 1948, directed by the legendary dance maestro Uday Shankar, although it was not an animation film. Because, the use of feet movement, film language with rhythm and melody skillfully synchronized appealed to all the film manufacturers including Satyajit Ray Mrinal Sen, doyens of Indian Cinema.Clair Weeks, an animator from the Disney Studio was brought to India by The Films Division, with backing support from UNESCO and the US Technical Aid Programme, to train the animators in the Division. Those who were benefited were Ram Mohan, Bhimsain, Satam, Ezra Mir and Pramod Pati. In 1960, one of the earliest pro-social animations made by the Films Division was A Great Problem, covering family planning issues was released and accepted international appreciation for its maker G.K. Gokhale. The first animation film with music was Chaos in 1969.As the animators from the Films Division left and started their own ventures, there was a growth in the studios making animation films in India such Climb Films, Rauko Laboratories owned by Satyajit Ray and Mrinal Sen, an d the Prasads Studios in the south. Others like Gimmicks and Pictoreel Facet, opened in Bombay, but have not survived till the present day. It was in 1992 when the Film Festival beingness organized every year by the Films Division was renamed as the International Film Festival for Documentary, Short and Animation Films, recognizing the growing importance of animation in India. A special section called World Animation in this festival screened the works of international creators like John Halas, Ishu Patel, Osamu Tezuku, Jiri Brdecka, Jiri Trnka. Ishu Patel is one of the well known animators of India who is respected abroad as well. IcerocketEqually important is the contribution made to animation films by the Childrens Film Society of India, set up in 1955 by the Indian Government to promote childrens films. CFSI has produced a considerable number of animation films such as Jaise Ko Taisa by Madhab Kunte in 1988, Karuna Ki Vijay by K.S. Bansod in 1985, Lav Kush by K.A. Abbas in 197 3, Adventures Of A Sugar Doll in 1966 by Kantilal Rathod, and As You Like It by Sukumar Pillay in 1965. Most of the present day animators of repute have worked on films made by CFSI.Along with film making, the Government of India sought to develop animation command in India and accordingly established an animation department in early 70s at the National Institute Of Design which has rifle the Bedrock Of Animation teaching in India. In addition to teaching traditional and computer aided animation, NID has produced a large number of animation films. Swimmy , a cut out animation film made by Leo Lionni a visiting faculty at NID is till age the best cut out animation film. Other notable films which came out of the NID studios were Cirrus Skies and Patang made by Vinita Desai, Drawing Drawing made together with by Vinita Desai and Nina Sabnani who also won the international acclaim for her feminist animation film Shubh Vivah dealing with dowry system in this country, using the tradi tional Rajasthani Marubeni style of painting. The most noteworthy animation film made through NID by the young Prakash Murthy was Jungle King , based on Gujarati folklores which received good reviews in the International film festivals. He also made The Square On The Hypotenuse (1995), The Progress Report (1994) and The Protagonist (1988). Shoma Banerje Kak has been credited with making a serial on India called Pradhakshina using cel animation.Other young animators include Shilpa Ranade, who made Monis Dying who along with Asha Datta, a dynamic producer, has set up Multik Productions.Vinay Rai has made films like Keep Your City Clean, The Drummer nd Animated Bhangra, which was screened at Hiroshimas Indian showcase.Pravin Thakur who created The Brave Bird, and The Louse Story.Neeraj Sahai and Pallvi Sahai with their films like A Monkey And Two Crocodiles and The Big Run.Aman Bajaj has produced films like Khel Khel Mein, Alphabet A and Chikoo And Angola .Ajit Rao, who worked with Ra m Mohan Biographics as one of the leading animation designers there, and taught in University of California is teaching in Toonz Animation Studio in India.StumbleUponPropellerRedditMagnoliacomNewsvineFurl Facebook Google Yahoo Technorati Icerocket